1. cbfir摩托车
中专升本科是指具有中专等毕业学历的学生进入本科院校完成学业、毕业的形式,中专毕业学历等同高中学历,所以也叫高起本。
中升本途径
成人高考
中专生可通过成人高考的方式来达到考本科的目的,这种方式一般都是面对社会各界人士的,但是有一点缺点就是成人高考毕业文凭含金量是比不上普通全日制大学含金量的,虽然都是国家承认的学历,但是在社会认可程度上没有后者高!
报名条件
中升本:需年满18周岁,具有普通高中、中专或师范、技校、职高毕业证书等中等学历教育毕业证书。
学习形式
学习形式有以下三种:
1、函授,以自学为主,利用寒暑假或节假日组织集中面授;
2、业余,安排周末或者晚上上课学习;
3、脱产,脱产需要全天在校上课学习。
报名方式
成人高考十月份考试,报名时间8-9月,这中间都可以报。
报名有两种方式:一种是自己在网上报名,一种去到当地大学直属的函授中心报名,这两种都可以,费用也是一样的。报名之前需要先考虑好自己想要报哪一个大学和专业,因为报名之后就不能再改专业,所以,一定要和家人商量好。在网上公布了考试报名的时间之后就可以报名了。
首先打开当地的教育考试院,如下图,以山东省的为例:
第二步,选择网上报名,我们看到这里现在没有出现成人高考报名通道,不过没关系,考试之前会将通道开放,我们只需要等待即可
第三步,进入报名系统之后,按照要求输入身份证号码,手机号,验证码,根据步骤一步一步来就可以。
注意事项:
1、考试院发的密码要保留好,这是以后查成绩的唯一密码,若自己修改了密码请一定记好
2、志愿填报需要填两个,第一志愿和第二志愿,不要不填第二志愿。
考试科目
⽂科:语⽂、数学(⽂)、外语、历史地理综合(简称史地)。
理科:语⽂、数学(理)、外语、物理化学综合(简称理化)。
温馨提醒
相关成人高考政策,请注意登陆所在省份成人高考网,提前了解。
对口升学
“对口升学”是从中等职业学校毕业生招生,强调中等职业学校毕业生对口升高职或本科院校的专业技能考试。与普通高考相比,对口升学拥有考试难度较小、门槛低、升学率高就业前景广等优点。所谓的对口是指学生在中职学什么类别专业,就参加什么类别专业的对口升学考试,被高校录取后,继续学习这个类别的专业。
通过对口升学考上大学后,待遇与普通高考学生相同。无论是师资安排、课程设计,还是学生奖学金和毕业文凭以及学位授予、考研等方面,都是一样的。
报名条件
1、证书对口
2018年到2019年,中职升本科对于证书的要求比较严格,像是护理专业,一定要学生物、化学证书,护理证书,护士资格证等。现在放宽了许多,1+X证书也能作为证书进行审核。
2、专业对口
中职升本科要求中职专业对口本科专业,如果不对口,资格审核就过不了,也就没办法参加之后由院校进行的技能考试考核。2022年除了烹饪和护理对于中职对口专业要求还是比较严格外,很多其他类别的专业也能参加中职升本科了。
以下是广东省2021年的专业及证书、中职对口专业对照表,大家可以做个参考:
报名方式
网上报名前,考生需要通过报名资格审查和填写报名信息采集表。应届生提供本人居民身份证、户口簿、学籍证明;往届生提供本人居民身份证、户口簿与中等职业学校毕业证书的原件和复印件各一份。
考生在规定时间内凭考籍号、身份证号登录对口单招网上报名系统(通过电脑端IE9以上的浏览器登录)。网上填报完成后,需到报名点进行现场确认,现场确认截止时间、逾期不得补报名与补确认。需要注意的是,考生报名信息网上提交成功后,在签字确认信息之前,可凭密码重新修改自己所填信息。报名信息一经考生本人签字确认,任何人不得擅自更改。
另外,考生报名信息网上提交成功后,系统将根据考生实际所报考科目自动生成应缴纳报名考试费金额,通过网报系统进入银行系统(或使用支付宝、微信),按照核定金额支付报名考试费。其中,参加对口单招考生和转段考生须缴纳报名费与文化统考考试费,中职学生注册入学考生须缴纳报名费,如填报了参加文化统考,还须缴纳文化统考考试费。网上支付成功后,考生方可到规定的报名点签字确认报名信息。
考试方式
由院校组织进行的技能考试。一般来说在填报本科志愿之后,院校便会公布专业的考试大纲。大家可以针对本科院校公布的专业及考试大纲对该科目进行复习,尽力考试。院校一般择优录取。
考试科目
对口升学考试科目有文化必修课:语文、数学、外语三门;专业基础课和专业课。其中,语文、数学、英语各100分;专业基础课250分;专业课200分。科目总分为750分
注意事项
语文数学英语三科的成绩,只有达到本科线的同学才可以报考本科院校,2021年的本科线是260分,过了260分就可以填报本科志愿。当然,我们建议你尽量考高分,因为在技能考试同分的情况下,文化课分数越高,到时候换算出来的分数也会更高,录取的概率就更大。
本科成绩的计算公式:语数英三科分数*50%+(证书)450*10%+本科技能测试分数/100*450*40%。
假如你是考了语数英300分,本科技能测试76分,有相应证书,则本科录取时换算的分数为300*0.5+450*0.1+76*1.8=331.8分
温馨提醒
相关对口升学政策,请注意登陆所在省份对口升学官网以及报考院校,提前了解。
网络教育
网络教育依托于互联网的发展,较为方便的一种获得学历的形式。有别于传统的在校住宿的教学模式,学生依托于网络视频和课件学习。远程教育招生对象不受年龄和先前学历限制,所以中专生也可以通过远程教育读大专。使用这种教学模式的学生,通常是业余进修者,由于不需要到特定地点上课,因此可以随时随地上课。
缺点是网络教育费用较高,直接将资料寄给你,进行网上授课,适合没什么时间的上班族。
报名方式
考生可以直接到招生院校报名,也可以在授权招生的学习中心报名。
网络教育每年分春秋两季招生,考生想要报名只要携带身份证原件、最高学历原件、1寸近期蓝底彩色照片原件及电子版就可以了。
网络教育分为春、秋两季招生,春季在3月份左右,而秋季在9月份左右,有的院校为方便学生报考,会提前开放报名窗口,课程开始时间每个院校都是不一样的,每个院校都有自己的入学测试,基本所有院校都在完成入学测试之后就会开始正式上课。
考试科目
网络教育考试分为入学测试、统考考试、专业课程考试,网络教育入学考试的考试科目要根据学生报考的专业和层次来决定。不同类别的专业会有所区别。例如:
1、英语类专业高起本——入学考试科目:英语、语文
2、管理类专业、经济类专业高起本——入学考试科目:英语、语文
3、工学类专业专高起本——入学考试科目:英语、数学。
注意事项
1、首先要选择自己喜欢并且发展前景好的专业,毕竟兴趣最好的老师,只有喜欢才会投入更多精力去学习,对于不知道该如何选择专业的学员,小编为大家推荐几个近些年较热门的专业,方便大家选择:英语专业、会计专业、金融专业、计算机专业、电子商务专业、国际经济与贸易专业等;
2、其次要选择重点院校,毕竟重点院校的教师资源、师资力量都是一流的,而且我们还可以凭借院校的知名度在就业时增加自身的竞争力。
3、如果选择网络教育学习,一定要提前登陆官网了解相关政策。
官网网址:https://yc.eol.cn/
国家开放大学
国家开放大学就是曾经的中央广播开放大学,是国家认可的开放性教育!相比成考没有入学考试,主要参加挂课和期末考试,几乎没有难度,学信网均可查,适合实在是没有时间学习也确实学习能力一般的同学。
中专毕业不能直接考国家开放大学本科,可以先通过专科考试,再进行专升本考试。
报考条件
1、专科报名条件:年龄满18岁,同时需要提供高中或中专毕业证作为前置学历,如果没有毕业证,可以不用提供,但是对以后会有所影响,无法通过政审,以及大型的企事业单位,因为大型企事业单位查大学学历的时候都会查前置学历的,如果只是用于报考一般性资格证书,以及参加中小型企事业单位,那么该毕业证没有问题;
2、本科报名条件:报考条件和专科基本一样,除了需要提供专科毕业证以外,还需要出具学信网学历电子报告;
国家开放大学每年春秋两季招生,具体时间由各地根据自身情况确定。它是全国在籍学生最多的高等教育学校。学习资源开放,以网络为平台进行教育。学习年限2年半,通过所有课程即可毕业。
报名方式
报名有多种方式,目前这个学校总部是在北京,但是在全国各地都是有分校和教学点的,最终颁发的毕业证都是由中央电大,北京总部颁发的。
1、选择正规电大的网站,进行网上报名,需要登录当地的电大报名中心网站,按网页界面要求,填写信息,并提交个人资料,之后会有电大学校的工作人员电话联系。
2、也可以选择正规学习中心报考,从报名、学习、考试到毕业,都有协助,相对来说更省心。
3、还到报读的电大院校现场报名,需要提前准备好报名材料,具体需要携带本人身份证原件,以及正反面复印件、蓝底免冠电子照片、毕业证书等。
4、国家开放大学报名可以直接到电大校本部或者电大学习中心现场报考。
考试科目
国家开放大学的考试科目主要是看选择什么专业来学习,学习的专业不一样考试的科目也就不相同。语文、数学、英语必考,英语和计算机基础两门统考课程是不能免的,各专业综合基础知识、大学语文,大专时期有修过对应学分是可以申请免考的。
国家开放大学考试科目根据报考层次有所不同。专科层次考试科目为:语文、数学、英语。本科层次考试科目为:数学、英语、计算机、政治。
报考拿证流程
1、首先要确定自己所报专业,然后提交报名材料给到教学中心,审核通过后就会录入到国开系统,等待注册好学籍就可以了;
2、学信网查到学籍之后,等待一段时间生成学习账号,绑定自己的实名手机号码,然后完成毕业所需学分,大概3个学期也就是一年半后上传毕业论文,审核通过后就可以采集毕业信息了。
注意事项
注意辨别机构的正规性,不要上当受骗。
1、是否能够接受对公账号,是否能够提供营业执照,而且对公账号和营业执照信息是否一致,如果一致就是正规的;
2、是否可以签订合同,缴纳学籍注册费之后需要签订纸质合同,扫描签字后加盖公章,合同是否确保学员能顺利注册上学籍,是否能顺利毕业;
3、如果要报考国家开放大学,可提前登陆官网,了解相关政策。
官网网址:http://student.ouchn.cn/
自考
中专毕业生不能直接自考本科,自考本科需要有国家承认学历的专科及以上学历证书原件或中级及以上专业技术职称原件,否则,不予办理本科毕业证书。考生可分别报考专科、本科段各专业,也可同时报考同一专业的专科和本科段,但毕业时必须先取得专科毕业证书后才能领取本科毕业证书。
报名条件
1、专科段(基础科段)
中华人民共和国公民,不受性别、年龄、民族、种族、学历、身体健康状况、居住地等限制(不限制户口,可在异地报考毕业),均可按省级自学考试机构规定的时间和地点报名参加考试。对有特殊要求的专业,考生须按有关规定报名。
2、本科段
报考条件与专科段基本相同。但待考生办理本科毕业证书时,必须交验国家承认学历的专科及以上学历证书原件,否则,不给办理本科毕业证书。可以在报考自考专科段的同时,报考本科段,但必须先取得专科段的毕业证书后,才能申请本科段的毕业。部分省市已开通专科毕业证书和本科毕业证书同时办理的制度,缩短考生办证时间。
3、能遵纪守法、接受改造、积极学习的劳改、劳教人员,经有关部门批准后也可申请报考。
报考流程
1、在自考平台报名自考大专,获取毕业证;
2、取得大专毕业证,报名自考本科,通过考试即可取得本科毕业证。
报名方式
考生在规定时间内登录当地自考报名系统,填写相关信息,选定报考专业和考试科目,完成缴费即可参加考试;或者去当地自考招生办进行报名也是可以的。
自考每次开考时间为两天,每半天可以报考一门,所以最多可以报考四门。各省的自考时间有所不同,一般是一年可以考两次,江苏一年可以考四次,广东一年可以考三次。
准备参加自学考试的考生,首先应全面了解本省已开考哪些专业,详细了解自己感兴趣的专业的层次、要求及课程设置等,结合自己的本职工作、兴趣、文化层次、学习能力和发展的需要等,自愿报考专业。一般来说,应先报专科段,后报本科段;报考课程建议按先易后难顺序报考。
考试科目
1、公共课。
一般在3~5门左右,其中《中国近现代史纲要》、《马克思基本原理概论》、《英语二》三门课程为必考公共课。
2、基础课。
基础课是指某一专业的应考者学习的基础理论、基本知识和基本技能的课程,其作用是为应考者掌握专业知识、学习科学技术,发展他们有关能力打下坚实的基础。
3、专业课。
一般理工类的专业还会增加如《高等数学》、《线性代数》等科目的考试,偏应用性质的专业还会开考《计算机应用基础》或者《管理系统中计算机应用》。
4、换考课程。
换考课程是指英语自学难度大的本科自考考生不考英语二而多考几门其他课程替代英语二的学分,一般是考3到5门课程。
温馨提醒
自考相关政策,可登陆官网提前了解。
官网网址:https://zikao.cuc.edu.cn/
注意事项
1,购买正规渠道备考资料,不同的中升本途径,需要的备考资料是不一样的,详细可以咨询报考院校、老师等,并且从正规渠道购买相关资料。
2、选择适合自己的途径来考取本科。不同的途径有不同的缺点和优点,根据自身情况,选择最适合自己的。
3、提前确定报考院校,并详细了解相关考试政策,专业等,每个人关于专业及院校选择考虑的因素不同,所以请不要盲目、理性思考,选择最适合自己的才是最好的。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中专升本科是指具有中专等毕业学历的学生进入本科院校完成学业、毕业的形式,中专毕业学历等同高中学历,所以也叫高起本。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntOprue6bmY5opCjnEOewQh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中升本途径","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnEhWUQ7JkSSG3GBug1f1tc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成人高考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTHt3sE1P5TeK8IAyMEF7wQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中专生可通过成人高考的方式来达到考本科的目的,这种方式一般都是面对社会各界人士的,但是有一点缺点就是成人高考毕业文凭含金量是比不上普通全日制大学含金量的,虽然都是国家承认的学历,但是在社会认可程度上没有后者高!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlGzcFhFNld8h0WbcZMFobs"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"成人高考","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c99d00c9361048eb914ea398fd98b5d6","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnxkWDFdC8731bwWE879pAme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBASwkB4k0zt0WPSuNNc31f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中升本:需年满18周岁,具有普通高中、中专或师范、技校、职高毕业证书等中等学历教育毕业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk6iixYJGM864u2434kgsac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习形式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1qzisx50Ppvg2AYJY9vKlu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习形式有以下三种:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM77eaek7jfkO3CkqyFgXEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、函授,以自学为主,利用寒暑假或节假日组织集中面授;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDSK0d6C1p8tAB0dts0zNih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、业余,安排周末或者晚上上课学习;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6dOGFY23mvgutOCzd76cNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、脱产,脱产需要全天在校上课学习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGvb3FjWJACge6OeC2hzByh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntmNUDMoC4j4xzrAjwgy6Lc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"成人高考十月份考试,报名时间8-9月,这中间都可以报。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnh4lAPew5gqFr552mODLzg5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名有两种方式:一种是自己在网上报名,一种去到当地大学直属的函授中心报名,这两种都可以,费用也是一样的。报名之前需要先考虑好自己想要报哪一个大学和专业,因为报名之后就不能再改专业,所以,一定要和家人商量好。在网上公布了考试报名的时间之后就可以报名了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAfcOXVx78ikIJc8LlZQoVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先打开当地的教育考试院,如下图,以山东省的为例:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlIr9c8DZUehwH7kcTXMhfN"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":810,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名方式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/69e5c0253c124bbd876a073e1ebba135","width":1271},"text":"","id":"OuKCdsaKAoiAymxMhiCcz1dKnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二步,选择网上报名,我们看到这里现在没有出现成人高考报名通道,不过没关系,考试之前会将通道开放,我们只需要等待即可","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk8D5zeRLoMhwxEJNkvmTyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三步,进入报名系统之后,按照要求输入身份证号码,手机号,验证码,根据步骤一步一步来就可以。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjcybJmfENjYsqpaqUbZ414"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn3dZegGXwdzfhhvbnOGwJFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、考试院发的密码要保留好,这是以后查成绩的唯一密码,若自己修改了密码请一定记好","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQEPjiGzTV5jMxS6rAUxcAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、志愿填报需要填两个,第一志愿和第二志愿,不要不填第二志愿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuGioD9VXVxGzn1p1glTolc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试科目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndsiGMoneg79SpDKfYUa4pe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"⽂科:语⽂、数学(⽂)、外语、历史地理综合(简称史地)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUzJw7fzj8HZXu1g7WX8x7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"理科:语⽂、数学(理)、外语、物理化学综合(简称理化)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBuRSCuSRRtZ4vbtL06F7Mg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"温馨提醒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhJ9eXOErAf6zlQZ3ZNigSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"相关成人高考政策,请注意登陆所在省份成人高考网,提前了解。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfpMwBnj1r9F1DRMgc0ZIBM"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"对口升学","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXDvVVs7lYqVGf1lnlhI0ug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“对口升学”是从中等职业学校毕业生招生,强调中等职业学校毕业生对口升高职或本科院校的专业技能考试。与普通高考相比,对口升学拥有考试难度较小、门槛低、升学率高就业前景广等优点。所谓的对口是指学生在中职学什么类别专业,就参加什么类别专业的对口升学考试,被高校录取后,继续学习这个类别的专业。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUWwaHD9pP7Bmh4vRwpqPgf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过对口升学考上大学后,待遇与普通高考学生相同。无论是师资安排、课程设计,还是学生奖学金和毕业文凭以及学位授予、考研等方面,都是一样的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnszA7Qkfk33XXm43gs1LTCb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":568,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"对口升学","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5d7d3e951067435996b9df22c1f470c1","width":852},"text":"","id":"doxcnMtngDCDTlpN6u59jLKWkSI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnR8XP9PhMdbws9oCy2oOeAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、证书对口","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNuYenQE3MsOoIcRtCyUBhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2018年到2019年,中职升本科对于证书的要求比较严格,像是护理专业,一定要学生物、化学证书,护理证书,护士资格证等。现在放宽了许多,1+X证书也能作为证书进行审核。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxDRKZPdZM8VABczbJRdhWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、专业对口","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuSMfqgf6zreYJ9vON5XeMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中职升本科要求中职专业对口本科专业,如果不对口,资格审核就过不了,也就没办法参加之后由院校进行的技能考试考核。2022年除了烹饪和护理对于中职对口专业要求还是比较严格外,很多其他类别的专业也能参加中职升本科了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjV8C0JSBOWCjODQ27IQ8Tt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以下是广东省2021年的专业及证书、中职对口专业对照表,大家可以做个参考:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntXPELGg3ExFckAoOGZlg1d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1345,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名条件","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b2d084dbd4054135bee869e7ed505840","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnrJhPh9Yy8JwUCsbBtfvrUn"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4MGcKlltReIHkEN7yA5AnT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网上报名前,考生需要通过报名资格审查和填写报名信息采集表。应届生提供本人居民身份证、户口簿、学籍证明;往届生提供本人居民身份证、户口簿与中等职业学校毕业证书的原件和复印件各一份。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnPLB1ldfmopl8YZC2txkYBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考生在规定时间内凭考籍号、身份证号登录对口单招网上报名系统(通过电脑端IE9以上的浏览器登录)。网上填报完成后,需到报名点进行现场确认,现场确认截止时间、逾期不得补报名与补确认。需要注意的是,考生报名信息网上提交成功后,在签字确认信息之前,可凭密码重新修改自己所填信息。报名信息一经考生本人签字确认,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"任何人不得擅自更改。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhRNRVzQLWyKXw0uLY3fRQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另外,考生报名信息网上提交成功后,系统将根据考生实际所报考科目自动生成应缴纳报名考试费金额,通过网报系统进入银行系统(或使用支付宝、微信),按照核定金额支付报名考试费。其中,参加对口单招考生和转段考生须缴纳报名费与文化统考考试费,中职学生注册入学考生须缴纳报名费,如填报了参加文化统考,还须缴纳文化统考考试费。网上支付成功后,考生方可到规定的报名点签字确认报名信息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnPboEve7Kkchj1uXJe9wiQf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Oh7UC9llvsCUbiw0m9T2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由院校组织进行的技能考试。一般来说在填报本科志愿之后,院校便会公布专业的考试大纲。大家可以针对本科院校公布的专业及考试大纲对该科目进行复习,尽力考试。院校一般择优录取。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuaPl9kIztwWVEmxpju4mFh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试科目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGLhtRC4PDH7eqPKVs09AFW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对口升学考试科目有文化必修课:语文、数学、外语三门;专业基础课和专业课。其中,语文、数学、英语各100分;专业基础课250分;专业课200分。科目总分为750分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFMB8ymlaQsNNHk3PkP8Acf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDcwi7vPLxsc1isNBiEoiLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"语文数学英语三科的成绩,只有达到本科线的同学才可以报考本科院校,2021年的本科线是260分,过了260分就可以填报本科志愿。当然,我们建议你尽量考高分,因为在技能考试同分的情况下,文化课分数越高,到时候换算出来的分数也会更高,录取的概率就更大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0EXdsKDZ3FpjgdFLgxRUBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本科成绩的计算公式:语数英三科分数*50%+(证书)450*10%+本科技能测试分数/100*","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"450*40%","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsGMyAXlFVdnHW9JFOtcVXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"假如你是考了语数英300分,本科技能测试76分,有相应证书,则本科录取时换算的分数为300*0.5+450*0.1+76*1.8=331.8分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDS004YNA6IeedCmDH5XGTb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"温馨提醒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDtwOZ1iYVwqu9dkiXxtkzA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"相关对口升学政策,请注意登陆所在省份对口升学官网以及报考院校,提前了解。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnPXrMRmvEpWeACQbdINuvGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"网络教育","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyXriLJTaPXhERXGUQKLwcd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网络教育依托于互联网的发展,较为方便的一种获得学历的形式。有别于传统的在校住宿的教学模式,学生依托于网络视频和课件学习。远程教育招生对象不受年龄和先前学历限制,所以中专生也可以通过远程教育读大专。使用这种教学模式的学生,通常是业余进修者,由于不需要到特定地点上课,因此可以随时随地上课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUDgLV09BuR3UigRbAF1VVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"缺点是网络教育费用较高,直接将资料寄给你,进行网上授课,适合没什么时间的上班族。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHvoLADl8XwtVTXvaH812se"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":427,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"网络教育","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b8ffb0ee0707452c98dd83420d193310","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnkxazutUzme9OuWegrNxKWg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuGaQUMhWjxHLVbS8JCHdqh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考生可以直接到招生院校报名,也可以在授权招生的学习中心报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnl5Bbr4wk52ayvyv3Qv7iUx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网络教育每年分春秋两季招生,考生想要报名只要携带身份证原件、最高学历原件、1寸近期蓝底彩色照片原件及电子版就可以了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHLEsyQIJw3vXebqOyK4j7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网络教育分为春、秋两季招生,春季在3月份左右,而秋季在9月份左右,有的院校为方便学生报考,会提前开放报名窗口,课程开始时间每个院校都是不一样的,每个院校都有自己的入学测试,基本所有院校都在完成入学测试之后就会开始正式上课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni4MVGxmIwnYtFmfCVFuCOd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试科目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncVE18vQWHRhRHmPIRgscUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网络教育考试分为入学测试、统考考试、专业课程考试,网络教育入学考试的考试科目要根据学生报考的专业和层次来决定。不同类别的专业会有所区别。例如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnPzhxmFvuXGqLw0ZM0dBqpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、英语类专业高起本——入学考试科目:英语、语文","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnseMEhXDPb1eS1HFpzC2btc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、管理类专业、经济类专业高起本——入学考试科目:英语、语文","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnX6oflR9Y4V8v4RwDITsKKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、工学类专业专高起本——入学考试科目:英语、数学。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkXZYh5XwzwGT6iDZBkk4rd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnRQfytW0ipNZ8XI8gPHM3XV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先要选择自己喜欢并且发展前景好的专业,毕竟兴趣最好的老师,只有喜欢才会投入更多精力去学习,对于不知道该如何选择专业的学员,小编为大家推荐几个近些年较热门的专业,方便大家选择:英语专业、会计专业、金融专业、计算机专业、电子商务专业、国际经济与贸易专业等;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfhDiFYafBNS5ppZVSOE2Se"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、其次要选择重点院校,毕竟重点院校的教师资源、师资力量都是一流的,而且我们还可以凭借院校的知名度在就业时增加自身的竞争力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnftV4BkzbjHCHEp6UlGW7wh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、如果选择网络教育学习,一定要提前登陆官网了解相关政策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbQC8lCDyzusnRkRGPNpYQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"官网网址:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://yc.eol.cn/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://yc.eol.cn/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTbJgrSl8yccKHlTgh4USUd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国家开放大学","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1kLMiuTymYupyLZMkM7c5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国家开放大学就是曾经的中央广播开放大学,是国家认可的开放性教育!相比成考没有入学考试,主要参加挂课和期末考试,几乎没有难度,学信网均可查,适合实在是没有时间学习也确实学习能力一般的同学。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnX7a2DgykBKfRgA9e42VV0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中专毕业不能直接考国家开放大学本科,可以先通过专科考试,再进行专升本考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMAa6AyHskvqmzp3FAHYnYc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国家开放大学","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/450176a057d140f58b2084a2215ba24e","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnta5OkWz1tOdKMTKydDpO6c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnliLMQ60IGsFubzi0eqBVsH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、专科报名条件:年龄满18岁,同时需要提供高中或中专毕业证作为前置学历,如果没有毕业证,可以不用提供,但是对以后会有所影响,无法通过政审,以及大型的企事业单位,因为大型企事业单位查大学学历的时候都会查前置学历的,如果只是用于报考一般性资格证书,以及参加中小型企事业单位,那么该毕业证没有问题;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhg3x9HiMEF8DqUFwsPQDOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、本科报名条件:报考条件和专科基本一样,除了需要提供专科毕业证以外,还需要出具学信网学历电子报告;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVRDWQGCccJDcOhjzv2EgJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国家开放大学每年春秋两季招生,具体时间由各地根据自身情况确定。它是全国在籍学生最多的高等教育学校。学习资源开放,以网络为平台进行教育。学习年限2年半,通过所有课程即可毕业。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxkCsozytaRPstYd0NbdJQK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoGJTqO1geAqlakpEhGcVWe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名有多种方式,目前这个学校总部是在北京,但是在全国各地都是有分校和教学点的,最终颁发的毕业证都是由中央电大,北京总部颁发的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu5U3RExCem4U70peIL1lRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、选择正规电大的网站,进行网上报名,需要登录当地的电大报名中心网站,按网页界面要求,填写信息,并提交个人资料,之后会有电大学校的工作人员电话联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8J9KzivZrSb7X3Xp2aYoOR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、也可以选择正规学习中心报考,从报名、学习、考试到毕业,都有协助,相对来说更省心。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUrdoyz8418zSRS8dbpUlRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、还到报读的电大院校现场报名,需要提前准备好报名材料,具体需要携带本人身份证原件,以及正反面复印件、蓝底免冠电子照片、毕业证书等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnd4zP64Fk6MUCLXUfjeOW6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、国家开放大学报名可以直接到电大校本部或者电大学习中心现场报考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwWYDsVxjo8wa2S2y9vOOMh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试科目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYdfDMXTEKmfYK5mJN8TXPp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国家开放大学的考试科目主要是看选择什么专业来学习,学习的专业不一样考试的科目也就不相同。语文、数学、英语必考,英语和计算机基础两门统考课程是不能免的,各专业综合基础知识、大学语文,大专时期有修过对应学分是可以申请免考的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1SKDh2VqRsBZcPDPzB0zYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国家开放大学考试科目根据报考层次有所不同。专科层次考试科目为:语文、数学、英语。本科层次考试科目为:数学、英语、计算机、政治。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNqjkL97yq5ZhKbHvqOnaQb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考拿证流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnt02P66pJhfpRpMvIUeAVnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先要确定自己所报专业,然后提交报名材料给到教学中心,审核通过后就会录入到国开系统,等待注册好学籍就可以了;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQt3yZvHnAK954aX60zj5Pf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学信网查到学籍之后,等待一段时间生成学习账号,绑定自己的实名手机号码,然后完成毕业所需学分,大概3个学期也就是一年半后上传毕业论文,审核通过后就可以采集毕业信息了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7yOX3M3KVZw7IUuV7yBCcb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnz0yW3XLxitHOaW0mAAuqxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意辨别机构的正规性,不要上当受骗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncpe5FpzOsmjd3ySFAda7vb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、是否能够接受对公账号,是否能够提供营业执照,而且对公账号和营业执照信息是否一致,如果一致就是正规的;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfc13Idp7gBJNIe3pLSZHOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、是否可以签订合同,缴纳学籍注册费之后需要签订纸质合同,扫描签字后加盖公章,合同是否确保学员能顺利注册上学籍,是否能顺利毕业;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnriTRmBJly5EehOVxOhmCQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、如果要报考国家开放大学,可提前登陆官网,了解相关政策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn3m4WxGGP3CpsFHJzljjWPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"官网网址:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://student.ouchn.cn/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://student.ouchn.cn/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn01UVR8JlKYOIBh4Sy4UEab"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmbq2RxlAEzJblP5r6WAZ7u"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中专毕业生不能直接自考本科,自考本科需要有国家承认学历的专科及以上学历证书原件或中级及以上专业技术职称原件,否则,不予办理本科毕业证书。考生可分别报考专科、本科段各专业,也可同时报考同一专业的专科和本科段,但毕业时必须先取得专科毕业证书后才能领取本科毕业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCbgsVbSM1pwn7OtliyU7oN"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":654,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自考","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2a8c5fa0cca441b0b38974ad812d5dbc","width":981},"text":"","id":"doxcnTs0SxPwPTjbaSNPmpCsZ9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnotu6AASUfiJSYfBymJBVQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、专科段(基础科段)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFXt0aCTF7GBxGfG4rYMjBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中华人民共和国公民,不受性别、年龄、民族、种族、学历、身体健康状况、居住地等限制(不限制户口,可在异地报考毕业),均可按省级自学考试机构规定的时间和地点报名参加考试。对有特殊要求的专业,考生须按有关规定报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxzNja2XOFrZbNaEsJYcuxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、本科段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnup4zRcwaj64iQFa12A1iUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件与专科段基本相同。但待考生办理本科毕业证书时,必须交验国家承认学历的专科及以上学历证书原件,否则,不给办理本科毕业证书。可以在报考自考专科段的同时,报考本科段,但必须先取得专科段的毕业证书后,才能申请本科段的毕业。部分省市已开通专科毕业证书和本科毕业证书同时办理的制度,缩短考生办证时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUbT5LdtLsNm87WM0uJBMac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、能遵纪守法、接受改造、积极学习的劳改、劳教人员,经有关部门批准后也可申请报考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLuuHW3TFldWR4x8K6jv4yf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnynmLXi9lxtThzIYSZOAwfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、在自考平台报名自考大专,获取毕业证;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbF8ej5PENMPnv3TgILUIfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、取得大专毕业证,报名自考本科,通过考试即可取得本科毕业证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJPEBRwia8hg1HsAIHN0eah"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGlpG4kql8W1ncWmduFWSCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考生在规定时间内登录当地自考报名系统,填写相关信息,选定报考专业和考试科目,完成缴费即可参加考试;或者去当地自考招生办进行报名也是可以的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUZf5CoohrM9L5xkzQeUt9e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":320,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名方式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f2baf3fb2a224ab7970a1c3f4c3e38bc","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcnTEa1EywEiabNpmzXLBhPPY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自考每次开考时间为两天,每半天可以报考一门,所以最多可以报考四门。各省的自考时间有所不同,一般是一年可以考两次,江苏一年可以考四次,广东一年可以考三次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvtFIlLJpNjPiBPiqzNgSuM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备参加自学考试的考生,首先应全面了解本省已开考哪些专业,详细了解自己感兴趣的专业的层次、要求及课程设置等,结合自己的本职工作、兴趣、文化层次、学习能力和发展的需要等,自愿报考专业。一般来说,应先报专科段,后报本科段;报考课程建议按先易后难顺序报考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnrEdcAUjK18yNZayrLUf5Ue"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试科目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6XCMbeGxJkEiVoOygphsDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、公共课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZ0hrw9bEhRnavlRDTo7jtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般在3~5门左右,其中《中国近现代史纲要》、《马克思基本原理概论》、《英语二》三门课程为必考公共课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoFD0pJacMl9JgewZYmmXNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、基础课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZGLL86ElbQ3yYngLzr1bOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"基础课是指某一专业的应考者学习的基础理论、基本知识和基本技能的课程,其作用是为应考者掌握专业知识、学习科学技术,发展他们有关能力打下坚实的基础。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8Zhz1bvlwxwvqty6xJEqih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、专业课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndST8yUZ6kfH7nsASLQtVHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般理工类的专业还会增加如《高等数学》、《线性代数》等科目的考试,偏应用性质的专业还会开考《计算机应用基础》或者《管理系统中计算机应用》。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbKODtQKFIRH74r2BMNxwEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、换考课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpE6VVresGJnT3KljMm0Idr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"换考课程是指英语自学难度大的本科自考考生不考英语二而多考几门其他课程替代英语二的学分,一般是考3到5门课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsNRBWhGbgrlx8O1rwqmp6e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"温馨提醒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4DGp9dukHFim245MucrrJS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自考相关政策,可登陆官网提前了解。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoC3UxhvR2RBzNudm8clyqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"官网网址:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://zikao.cuc.edu.cn/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://zikao.cuc.edu.cn/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOHn4xqV95wYM7oSPlqgUhf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni5DqF32YDVJz4RT8dOh4Dc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1,购买正规渠道备考资料,不同的中升本途径,需要的备考资料是不一样的,详细可以咨询报考院校、老师等,并且从正规渠道购买相关资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIMGgZffnTCo8RaM0QHX2se"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、选择适合自己的途径来考取本科。不同的途径有不同的缺点和优点,根据自身情况,选择最适合自己的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfKC5EDdqqMxceEgL2THzCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、提前确定报考院校,并详细了解相关考试政策,专业等,每个人关于专业及院校选择考虑的因素不同,所以请不要盲目、理性思考,选择最适合自己的才是最好的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnINgR6oie8yOOgpKFJvNVth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnrkNgYdW9NgUeNUwF9nme6c"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
2. CBF摩托车
CG发动机就是普通顶杆车,提速慢,高速时配气滞后,不利于高速行驶,配气机构传递零件较多,容易出现噪声,震动也大,燃烧效率低,优点技术相对简单,配件也便宜些,中低速时扭矩。上世纪60年代,本田推出了CB发动机。凭借卓越的性能,CB发动机在国际摩托车市场所向披靡,并开创了经久不衰的CB时代。
近半个世纪之后,本田再接再厉,成功研发了CBF涡燃发动机。
这是一款拥有先进性、优越性、便利性的发动机,具有卓越的加速性能也降低了油耗,所以相比较动力,油耗各方面第二种更好。
3. CBT摩托车
本田CB125T是双缸发动机,平衡性较好,车体比较宽大稳重,百公里油耗在2.5升左右,该车早就停产了,国内最贵时卖到三万多,后来嘉陵与本田合资生产过该车,不过嘉陵本田转产通机后也停产了,现在国内仿制这款车的也不多,一般价格要7000元左右,但质量不稳定。
4. 摩托CBR
性能?
当然排量越大越好了,而且这三种型号的车,自重相差不大,所以说,以每公斤的推重比上相差就巨大了。
CBR400RR,98年停产,最近的29期,水货一般卖到18000左右,这车拉180码一般都没问题,0-100的加速时间绝对在5秒以内。CBR600RR,一直有新型号问世,是本田公司中量级跑车的主力,05、06年的车,一般卖到5W。CBR1000RR,公升级跑车的典范,无论从提速还是极速,都是排名前十的好车。0-100公里的时间只要2.37秒,极速如果破掉电子限速,或者直接买欧版或者美版的无限速,可以拉到340+。好车当然价钱也贵,车况好的水货,05年左右的都得6W以上。这些大排量车并不适合新车开,如果开400没2年以上的人最好远离之(这2年指至少跑过10000公里以上、或者每星期至少跑个几十公里),不然怎么死的都不知道。
公升级跑车,说白了,不是个地球人都能开的,只有职业级别的才能驾驭。
5. cbr 摩托车
公路赛摩托车. CBR是14 17 19 22 23 29各期的. VFR是本田24 30 35. V缸式公路赛. 川崎ZXR有400或250系列分年代的!
6. cbfiso是什么摩托车
热水器已成为生活中重要的一部分,给人们的生活带来极大的方便。但由于元器件自然老化、操作者的熟练程度、工作环境和工作强度等诸多因素常引发各类故障。接下来就为大家介绍如何维修热水器的问题。
电热水器
工作原理
电热水器具有结构简单、价格低、热效率高、无污染、使用方便等优点,使用寿命一般为15年左右,主要有贮水式和速热式两种。由于速热式电热水器功率高达3kW以上,且易漏电,很少有人问津;贮水式一般功率在1~2kW之间,安全方便,受到消费者喜爱。
一、贮水式电热水器
贮水式电热水器一般由箱体系统、制热系统、控制系统和进出水系统四大部分组成。下面为部分国产名牌电热水器的结构示意图。
1、箱体系统
箱体系统由外壳、内胆、保温层等构成,起到贮水保温的作用。
(1)外壳
外壳是电热水器的基本骨架,大部分部件都安装或固定在上面,所用材料有塑料、彩板、冷轧板、喷粉等几种。
(2)内胆
内胆既是盛水的容器,又是对外加热的场所,其寿命决定于内胆的材料和制造工艺。常见内胆材料有镀锌铁板、不锈钢板和钢板内涂搪瓷三种。
(3)阳级棒
贮水式电热水器中的阳极棒是一根金属镁棒,主要用来保护金属水箱不被腐蚀和阻止水垢的形成。
(4)保温层
外壳与内胆之间的保温层,起减少热损失的作用,一般采用聚氨酯发泡、玻璃棉、石棉、纤维、毡和软木等。为增强保温效果,现多采用高密度聚氨酯发泡材料充填的新工艺,充填扎实,密封保温性好,即使12h不通电,水温也仅下降2℃左右。
(5)炉膛
炉膛用于安装加热体和限温器,是由炉膛底盘、炉膛管、炉膛帽、温控管、螺孔柱焊接而成。螺孔柱经钻孔攻螺纹,用于安装镁棒。
2、制热系统
电热水器采用的电热元件多采用管状结构,为提高热效率,直接放在水中加热,形状可根据内胆结构弯成U形或其他形状,金属护套管常见为不锈钢管或铜管。电加热管在通电后,其内部高电阻电热合金丝发热,通过金属管内的绝缘填充料导热至金属套管,起加热作用。
电加热管使用时间一长,在电加热管表面容易结污垢,不仅影响发热效果,而且会产生漏电现象。为此海尔、小鸭、东宝等厂家,将热水器部分产品的电热元件改为高压耐热的陶瓷发热器,如图所示。间接加热内胆中的水(通电后,首先预热周围的空气,然后通过钢板对水加热),使水电分离,不仅无漏电之忧,且可超快速加热。
3、控制系统
电热水器的控制系统主要包括温控器和漏电保护器。
(1)温控器
电热水器中使用的温控器主要有双金属片温控器、蒸气压力式温控器和电子温控器。
(2)漏电保护器
在电热水器的漏电保护器中、将15mA确定为危险电流,超过这一数值时漏电保护器动作,正常的动作范围为15~30mA。
海尔电热水器选用的是进口漏电保护器,动作值为15mA,动作时间为0.1s。小鸭等品牌电热水器电源线带有先进的电子控制漏电保护插头,其技术参数为:额定电压220V(5OHz),额定电流10A,漏电动作范围5~10mA,漏电动作时间≤50ms,最大分断能力300A,最大负载功率2200W。
4、进、出水系统
进、出水系统由进、出水管,混合阀、安全阀和淋浴喷头等组成。
(1)混合阀
混合阀的结构如图所示。由图可知,热水器内胆出水管、混合阀、喷头和大气相通,不受混合阀冷、热阀门控制胆内压力,故称为出口敞开式。
单独打开右侧红点热水旋阀,自来水经出水管、混合阀、喷头流出,出热水,出水压力由热水阀控制;单独打开左侧蓝点冷水旋阀,自来水直接经混合阀由喷头流出冷水,出水压力由冷水阀控制。当同时打开冷热水阀门时,冷水和热水在混合阀出水口混合,适当调节冷热水阀门大小,可得到所需水温。
(2)安全阀
在自来水压力突然增高或加热水温过热,造成内胆压力超过规定耐压值时,安全阀会自动排压,以保护内胆。在加热过程中,安全阀会有缓慢的滴水现象,不是故障,是一种正常现象。
5、工作原理
贮水式电热水器的加热分单加热器加热和双加热器加热两种。前者,--般用在容积不太大的热水器中;后者、往往用于容积较大的热水器中。
二、速热式电热水器
快速热水器一般在接通电源、开启水阀后,仅需十几秒就会有充足的热水源源流出,因此也称流动式或即热式电热水器。
1、基本结构
快速热水器主要由外壳、内腔、电热元件、压力开关和温度控制等部分组成。
2、工作原理
(1)腔体式
打开进水阀门,水流入腔体。当水充满腔体后,在水压和重力作用下,使橡皮膜下凹,从而带动通过膜片中心的通水管子上端,使触点闭合接通电源,这样电阻丝通电发热,被加热的水沿通水管上开有的小孔流入管内,再经过莲蓬头喷射出来,供人们使用。当停止进水时,靠橡皮膜弹力恢复使触头断开,从而切断电源。
(2)水槽式
在未接通水源时,压力开关处于常态(触点断开),微动开关s不动作,从而继电器线圈不通电,这时整机不工作。接通水源后,因水压升高,这时压力开关触点动作,继电器KA吸合,主电路触点闭合,指示灯HL点亮,这时只要将转换开关(功率调节器)根据需要调节在适当位置,电热元件即可工作,就会有热水从莲蓬头中源源不断流出。
常见故障分析
一、电热水器检修工艺
下面以海尔电热水器为例,对电热水器的检修工艺过程介绍如下:
1、电源检查
用万用表交流电压档(~500V档)测量插座零线和火线,零线和地线是否接通,若不通为正常;反之,则电源不能使用,应修复。
(万用表使用方法图解)
2、故障检修程序
接通电源,可能出现两种情况:指示灯亮或指示灯不亮。
(1)指示灯亮:待半小时左右,水温升高10℃左右,说明热水器正常;若水温不升高,由灯亮可知,漏电保护器、超温管均正常,故障在加热器。断电后,检测加热元件,若电阻为无穷大,应更换。
(2)指示灯不亮:若灯坏应更换;灯好时,应检查温控器、超温管、加热器和漏电保护器以确定故障所在。
①对可调温型温控器,用万用表R×1档测量,在关断位置电阻为无穷大;在不同温度控制点应有不同电阻值与之对应;温控器在未动作时,触点为闭合状态,电阻近似为0,否则说明温控器损坏,应更换。
(万用表测量温控器图解)
②超温管在正常状态下,电阻为0,否则已损坏,应更换。
③用万用表检测加热器,电阻约24~48Ω,若为无穷大时,应更换加热元件。
④检查漏电保护器,应将漏电保护器打到合闸位置,灯亮,水温升高为正常;有时漏电保护器误动作,应注意观察,找出误动作原因。
(漏电保护器“合闸”状态)
若漏电保护器合不上闸,应用万用表R×100档依次检测超温管、温控器和加热器的对地电阻,表针指向∞位置为正常,表针指向0为漏电,找出漏电元件进行更换,若无漏电元件,说明漏电保护器已损坏,更换新的。
(漏电保护器“跳闸”状态)
3、安全性能测试
(1)漏电测试:重新合闸,按“试验”按钮应跳闸,漏电保护器为正常,再“合闸”灯亮。若热水器无漏电保护器,用万用表电阻档测量插头的火线与地线、零线和地线,若指示为无穷大,说明无漏电现象。
(2)泄漏电流测试:泄漏电流不应超过规定的数值,海尔小海象为0.5mA/kW,大海象、金海象为0.3mA/kW,
(3)绝缘电阻用兆欧表测量应大于50MΩ。
(4)电源的接地端与电热水器易触及金属部件之间的接地电阻应小于0.1Ω。
安全性能测试合格后,才能按工艺要求将电热水器重新安装好,投入使用。
二、电热水器常见故障分析
1、出水不热
(1)冷热水调节不当:这是由于热水阀开得太小,冷水阀开得太大造成的。应适当调节冷热水阀的开度,使出水温度适合使用。
(2)电源未接通:调整电源插头或开关,使其接触良好。若采用的是漏电保护插头,应将其“复位按钮”按下,排除以上故障若仍不能接通电源,应拆开电热水器仔细检查回路是否有导线脱落、断开等情况,若有,应及时排除。
(3)电加热器损坏:用万用表电阻档测量电热元件电阻值,正常情况下,1kW电热水器,电阻为49Ω左右;3kW,16Ω左右。功率不同的电热水器,其电热元件的阻值不同。若电阻为无穷大,说明电热元件损坏,应予更换。
(4)温控器损坏:当温控器触头接触不良或感温体内感温剂泄漏时,可引起温控器不能正常工作。对于前者可拆开压力式温控器进行修复;对于后者只好更换新的压力式温控器。
2、出水温度太高
(1)冷热水调节不当:适当调节冷热水阀的开度。
(2)温控器旋钮调节不当或触点粘连:将温控器旋钮调至温度较低处;对触点粘连的,可将温控器拆开,将粘连触点分开,并对触点进行研修、调整,经调整后,一般即可使用,必要时可进行更换。
(3)限温器失灵:检修限温器。
3、漏水
(1)管道连接处漏水:对接口密封不好造成的漏水,应重新安装接口;若属自来水压太高,应在自来水道上设置减压阀。
(2)安全阀接口漏水:是由于安全阀松扣或密封不好造成的,应重新拧紧和密封。
4、出水带电
(1)出水口接地失效:重新接好接地线,保证接地电阻小于0.1Ω。
(2)水中分布电流大:用细钢丝编织成网,包在出水口上,并与接地线良好接触。
(3)电热元件绝缘损坏或失效:更换电热元件,更换时要保持电气接触良好,有关密封部分不漏水。
(4)内部导线绝缘层损坏,搭接在外壳或内胆上:拆开电热水器,检查出导线绝缘层损坏的部分,进行更换。
5、进水困难
(1)脏堵:主要是由于自来水水质不好,杂质超量,堵住进水口的逆止阀。设有进水滤网的热水器大都是滤网孔被堵。在确定水压正常后,关闭自来水供水总阀,清理管路,冲出胜物或清洗滤网。
(2)汽堵:常见于密闭水箱贮水式电热水器中。其特征是:热水阀打开后,喷出大量水蒸气,此时应将调温器调到最小位置或切断电源,先将蒸汽从热水阀排出,然后打开冷水进水阀,使热水器排水,降低水温,再检修温控器;若热水阀打开后,热汽断续流出,量很小,一般是脏堵造成的。此时应开大热水阀和冷水进水阀,以降低水温,待水温降低后,检查热水阀是否脏堵,洗净后冷水便会从热水阀流出。
(3)供水压力不正常:当供水管路因水压下降,供水压力低于贮水压力,逆止阀不能被顶开,会造成进水困难。这种故障,待水压正常后,故障即自行消失。
保养
使用一段时间后,应取下喷头,按安装方法进行冲洗。长期使用后,若升温慢,应检查电热元件是否结垢,若结垢,可用去垢剂清除水垢。
若漏水,应更换相应的橡胶密封圈。
若加热时蒸汽冒出,则表明恒温器失效。或感温头脱出,应关闭电路,经检查修复后再用。
加热时因水的膨胀,喷头有时会有少量热水溢出,这属正常现象,不必过分用力拧紧热水阀,以免加速损坏密封圈。
自来水阀可使用不带手轮的阀门或者安装好后取下手轮,以防误关此阀,导致水箱缺水而烧毁电热丝。
燃气热水器
结构
目前,家用快速燃气热水器常见为壁挂式,适合淋浴使用,主要由水路系统、燃气系统、热交换系统、排烟系统和安全装置五大部分组成。其结构示意图如下所示。
(1)水路系统主要包括进水阀、水膜阀等,其中水膜阀是关键部件,起控制水气联动装置的作用,当水源切断后立即切断燃气;水阀是控制冷水进入热水器流量大小的装置,水阀燃烧器在同样工作状态下,流量大的,输出热水温较低,反之则水温升高。
(2)燃气系统主要包括燃气调节阀、水气联动阀、常明火、主燃烧器。其中主燃烧器是热水器供热的主要部件;水气联动阀是由水流的压力差控制气阀的开启以防止空烧。燃气调节阀可调节进入主燃烧器气量,以达到调节水温的目的。
(3)热交换系统主要包括腔体、集热片和弯管。
(4)排烟系统包括热水器外壳、排气烟管和排烟口等。燃烧后的烟气,须经过排烟系统排出。
(5)安全装置主要包括由热电偶和电磁阀组成的熄火保护、缺氧保护、水气联动阀防止空烧、排水阀防止过水压和冻裂。
下面重点介绍燃气热水器主要部件结构原理。
一、点火装置
点火装置的作用是点燃小火(常明火)并保持其燃烧。当按下点火按钮时,小火管有燃气流出,此时点火器工作,点燃旁边的小火。燃气热水器的点火方式主要有压电陶瓷点火和电脉冲点火两种。
二、水气联动阀
水气联动阀是保证燃气热水器安全使用的重要部件,其主要作用是:当水压足够,水在热交换器中流动时,燃气才能进入主燃烧器进行燃烧;而当水流停止或压力不足时,自动切断燃气供给,以防因缺水面燃坏热水器。
三、燃烧器
1、常明火为点燃主燃烧器作准备,常明火有单独的燃气通路。同时常明火加热熄火保护装置中的热电偶,使电磁阀开闭燃气阀门。当由热电偶或双金属片构成的熄火保护装置一旦检测到常明小火熄灭,熄火保护装置将自动切断气源。
常明火点火管一般用铜管或不锈钢制成,为保证燃烧的稳定,大多采用大气式燃烧方式,即燃烧前预混一部分空气,由于这种燃烧方式火焰短而稳定,用它加热热电偶或热双金属片时,热量集中,不易产生误动作。
2、主燃烧器是燃气热水器提供热源的主要部件,热负荷较大,火力强而且集中,火焰高度实短不宜长,一般采用大气式燃烧器来满足要求,而且大多不设一次调节装置。
四、热交换器
燃气热水器的热交换器主要有两种类型,板管式和翅片管式。由不锈钢或导热性良好的紫铜片、紫铜管制成。
五、熄火保护装置
熄火保护装置的主要功能,是在燃气热水器的点火燃烧器(又称常明火)因故熄火后,在数密封秒钟后能自动动作,关闭燃气阀门。有机械和电磁两种结构形式,分别称为双金属片和热电偶熄火保护装置。
六、缺氧保护装置
此装置上有两只热电偶,正向热电偶与熄火安全装置热电偶基本相同(参数为:25℃内阻为(8.8±2)MΩ,700℃热电势20mV);反向热电偶由两根裸露电偶丝组成,材质与正向热电偶相同,但它的工作温度较低,氧化作用不很明显,它的安装位置是保证热电偶正常工作的重要条件(参数为:25℃内阻18±2MΩ,700℃热电势6mV)。
在使用过程中,周围环境氧气含量不足或换热器栅板阻塞时,会造成燃烧器不完全燃烧,这时燃烧器火焰拉长,火焰温度降低,两只热电偶产生的电势差较少,当环境氧气含量低于18%时,此装置动作,关闭燃气气路,避免造成二氧化碳中毒事故,此装置使用寿命大于6000h,使用次数大于100000次。
七、防空烧(过热)安全装置
此装置所用传感器为正温度系数的热敏电阻。当燃气热水器出现空烧时,因热敏电阻此时已呈“高阻”状态,使通过电磁阀电流很小,在弹簧力作用下,铁心与衔铁分离,关闭燃气气路。
八、电磁阀
在燃气热水器安全装置中,燃气气路的通、断是由电磁阀控制的。
九、水温调节装置
调温轴(水阀芯)的控制原理是通过调节水量增减,来达到调节水温目的。例如,欲提高淋浴水温时,将调温轴调向“高温”位置,实际上是关小水阀芯的开启度,使进水量减少,则出口的温度则会增加。
十、燃气泄漏报警装置
当燃气热水器或配套设备发生燃气泄漏时,通过气敏传感器检测出一定浓度的燃气,发出声光报警信号,提醒用户排除故障或停止使用,避免造成火灾或中毒事故。先进的泄漏报警装置,在报警的同时自动开启风机通风换气,迅速排除室内燃气,防止事故的发生和扩大。
工作原理
打开燃气气阀,燃气进人阀门内,按动点火按键,点火微动开关、快速微动开关启动,点火头产生连续电火花,电磁阀线圈强行通人吸合电流,由气阀杆推动,电磁阀被吸住,气路打开,燃气从点火燃烧器和长明火燃烧器流出,被点火器的连续火花点燃,经常明火火焰加热的熄火保护装置的热电偶产生热电势,在强制吸合电流断开时,保持电磁阀处于吸合状态。点火键复位,并关闭与点火键连动的点火器阀门,此时点火器的火焰熄灭,仅保留常明火焰,这样,燃气到达水气连动阀的气阀前面。
打开水龙头,冷水进入水气连动阀的水阀内,经调温旋钮进入热交换器,同时有一部分水从调温旋钮分流,进人混合管,因水气连动阀内的膜片受水压作用,推开水气连动阀的气阀。燃气经燃气调节阀、燃烧器调节旋钮,从主燃烧器流出,被常明火点燃。流向热交换器的水,被主燃烧器的火焰加热成热水,经混合水管的冷水混合,就可从供热水龙头流出适合使用的热水。
当关闭出水口时,水气连动阀内的压差消失,从而关闭了水气连动阀的气阀,主燃烧器的火焰熄灭,热水停止流出,按下熄火键,点火键复位,关闭主气阀,常明火熄灭。此时熄火安全装置的热电偶的热电势下降,电磁阀关闭。
下图为沈乐满牌SR-5型后制式燃气热水器电气原理图,供参考。
故障检修
一、常见故障分析
1、打不着火或打火困难
(1)刚打开气源时,由于气管内空气尚未排空,短时间内难以打火,只要多打几次,让气管内的空气排空后,便能成功点火。
(2)喷嘴堵塞:在打火时有火星,而无法点燃火种,表明喷嘴有堵塞,此时只要将喷嘴进行清理即可。
(3)点火针破裂或松动:多数热水器点火针绝缘体是用陶瓷制作的,若陶瓷破裂或点火针松动,就会造成没有对着火种进行点火,打不着火。此时应更换点火针或对点火针进行调整位置。
(4)压电陶瓷失效手动式热水器一般是采用压电陶瓷点火,若点火时无点火火花,通常是压电陶瓷损坏造成的,应及时进行更换。
(5)水动式热水器电磁阀损坏,点火时,有火星而点不着火,此时先检查电磁阀接线是否良好,若未发现接线不良,应更换电磁阀。
(6)水动式热水器点火时无火星此时按顺序检查电池是否有电或装反,电池盒是否有接触不良,微动开关是否损坏,电脉冲发生器和接线是否有故障。排除故障后即可点火。
2、中途燎火
(1)热电偶与电磁阀接触不良或失效:若在热水器使用过程中,偶然中途熄火,说明热电偶与电磁阀接触不良,此时应紧固两者的联接螺母;当热水器打火后,中途熄火的时间都较接近时,表明热电偶已开始失效,应尽早更换。当热水器每次中途熄火的时间不规则时,表明火种与热电偶的位置不太准确,应调整。
(2)燃气气压不稳定:适当调整气源压力或清洗火种喷嘴。
(3〉保护装置动作:当直排式热水器使用时间过长,且室内换气较差时,或热交换器(水箱)长期没有清洗而造成严重积炭,保护装置便会自动关闭气源,导致熄火。对于前者,需打开门窗,使室内空气流通,对于后者需定期(每年1~2次)清洗热交换器。
(4)水动式热水器离子感应针被污染:若每次使用时,都要打2~3次火,应对感应针进行清洗,若经清洗,还有同样的问题出现,说明感应针的材质或电子点火器质量不良,应及时更换。
3、漏气
漏气主要是由于密封用的密封圈破损老化或配合不严造成的。
(1)进水接头安装不良而漏气:重新安装平面胶圈,上紧并紧固气接头。
(2)气阀体上联接面漏气:更换密封胶圈。
(3)气阀芯上的润滑脂干而漏气:清洗气阀芯,重新均匀涂上润滑脂(二硫化钼),以确保气阀芯不再漏气。
4、漏水
(1)防冻排水阀经多次拆装,密封胶圈裂损造成的漏水,应更换胶圈,并注意平日装拆不应用力过大。
(2)水阀芯胶圈因长期使用磨损严重造成的漏水,只要更换胶圈便可正常使用。
(3)水阀顶轴胶圈处比较容易漏水,若是水动式热水器,水会直接流到微动开关处造成打不着火,因此胶圈磨损,应及时更换。
(4)连接热水器的冷、热水软管和淋浴器的漏水,较易发现,经简单维修或更换便能使用。
(5)供水压力过高,可更换高压热水器或在进水阀前加装节流阀。
(6)热水器“空烧”造成漏水。这时,关闭热水器水阀时,主燃烧器不熄灭,造成“空烧”或回火,易烧化焊锡,严重时烧穿紫铜管,造成漏水,此故障应更换热盘管。
5、产生红火或冒黑烟
(1)燃烧器内存污物:将细铁丝尖部弯曲,从引射口处插入燃烧器内,反复旋转,进行清理。也可将燃烧器拆下来,用水冲浇。
(2)燃气压力不足:应设法提高其供气压力。另外,有时因天气潮湿,也会产生红火,待天气好转时又恢复正常。
(3)气路不畅造成缺氧:清理气路中的异物,并开机(换气扇、排风扇、开窗等)通风。
6、出水温度过低
(1)供气压力不足:这是造成出水温度过低的主要原因,应调整减压阀。若是管道燃气,可通知供气部门调整;若是热水器流量大,使供气管或煤气表负荷满足不了热水器的耗气量,应更换较大的煤气表或更换流量较小的热水器。
(2)喷嘴堵塞造成火焰变小:清理喷嘴。
(3)水阀橡胶膜有小的破裂:使水气联动阀门开度不足,造成燃烧火力不强,出水温度过低。应更换橡胶膜。
(4)部分地区水压较大,使水流经热交换器时间较短,出水温度过低,应适当调小水量。
7、火种留不住
(1)火种供气管堵塞:当点燃火种时,手松开也不见火种,尔后能听到电磁阀释放声,说明火种供气管堵塞,对此可进行疏通。
(2)热电偶或电磁阀损坏:检查时,按下点火按钮,不见火种,也听不到电磁阀动作声,说明热电偶或电磁阀损坏。电磁阀的损坏一般是线圈断路,可用万用表检查。若电阻为无穷大,对此可进行更换;对热电偶应检查连接导线有无断路,再检查热电偶是否移位,并擦净表面氧化物;最后检查热电偶是否失效,方法是:将热电偶从固定夹中卸出悬空,用万用表pA档串入,用打火机给热电偶加热,15s后若电流很小(接近为0),说明热电偶失效,应更换。
(3)热电偶性能变差:点火按钮松开后有火种,但不久会自动熄灭,是因热电偶性能变差引起的,这时可将热电偶调到最佳受热位置,一般就可排除,必要时,更换热电偶。
8、主燃烧器不能点燃
(1)水压不足:引起水压不足的原因,一是当地水压不足,二是杂物堵塞水道。对于后者可清理过滤网内的杂质。
(2)主燃烧器的燃气管道被堵塞:进行疏通。
(3)水气联动阀的隔膜室隔膜穿孔:隔膜穿孔后,无法推动顶杆打开主燃烧器的燃气阀塞。修理时,拆开阀体,拆下膜片上的铜螺栓和垫片,更换同规格的新隔膜。
(4)水气联动阀的铜顶杆长期与水、燃气接触,造成氧化折断:更换新配件,也可用不锈钢材料按同样规格制成顶杆进行更换。
(5)隔膜室螺钉松动:松动后,造成隔膜室漏水,水压下降,顶杆无法打开燃气阀塞,对此可紧固隔膜室螺钉。效果不好时,可拆开隔膜室,在接合面周围涂上一层粘补胶,然后再紧固螺钉,干燥固化后即可使用。
(6)隔膜室中的压差平衡弹簧折断:更换新配件。
9、随着“叭”的一声响,全机熄灭
(1)点燃正常10s后出现声响和熄灭﹑这多是热电偶损坏造成的。检查时,用气体打火机燃烧热电偶尖端,用万用mV档测量两端电压,正常为20mV左右,若为0,说明热电偶损坏,应更换。
(2)正常使用10min后,出现声响和熄灭,这多是缺氧造成的,应及时补充新鲜空气。
10、关闭热水阀后,主燃烧器熄火
(1)燃气阀塞被水气连动阀顶杆卡住,打开水气连动阀,清理阀内顶杆表面的水锈,涂上润滑油,重新装好。
(2)压差平衡器的眼孔被管道内异物堵塞拆开阀壳,疏通眼孔。
11、热水水流不畅、水温偏高
(1)水温调节旋钮使用不当:检查水温旋钮是否置于需要的位置上,位置有误时,应予纠正(温度“最高”为水流最小,温度“最低”为水流最大)。
(2)水温调节失控:若是旋钮错位引起阀芯开度和指示温度不一致,应及时调整,必要时更换滑牙的旋钮;水温控制阀阀杆和阀芯密封件老化损坏时,会引起水流不畅,应更换密封件。
12、炮火保护装置失灵
(1)热电偶的探头和点火燃烧器的位置不当:调整时,可稍松一下固定热电偶探头的螺钉,将探头移至点火燃烧温度较高的位置,进行反复点火试验,直至电磁阀吸合,再将紧固螺钉拧紧。
(2)热电偶与电磁阀之间的连接螺母松动:将松动的螺母拧紧即可。
(3)热电偶损坏:若热电偶断线或发生在热点上的短路,一般是无法修复的,应进行更换。方法是:拧开与电磁阀连接的螺母,并松开探头在点火燃烧器旁的螺钉,拆下热电偶。更换新热电偶时,先将它与电磁阀连接的螺母拧紧,再将偶线弯成需要的形状.将探头固定在点火燃烧器附近温度较高的位置,装好后进行点火试验,确认电磁阀动作后,再进一步拧紧螺钉、螺母。
(4)电磁阀吸合电流变大:这多是由于衔铁极面被气源腐蚀和污染造成的。电磁阀吸合时间,刚出厂时,5s即可吸合。使用中的燃气热水器,电磁阀若在点火后30s还不吸合,就应进行去污或更换处理。
(5)电磁阀线圈断、短路或衔铁移位:这类故障,一般很难修复,应更换同型号电磁阀,更换方法见前。
13、调节水温的方法
(1)调节进气阀控制燃气进量,可调节水温。
(2)调节水温调节器,可控制出水温度。
(3)调节自来水阀控制最大水流量,可调节最低温度。
(4)水气连动阀还有自动控温的作用。
14、水垢的清除方法
水垢产生后,会使热水器热效率降低,同时还会使热水器管径变小,热水产率下降,水温过高,甚至会产生局部堵塞。为此应一年左右清洗一次,清洗的方法很多,下面仅介绍一种简单实用的方法。
(1)买一袋铝壶―次清除水垢剂,将其倒人约1.2L饮料瓶中,并加人约1L温水,搅拌均匀。
(2〉按图所示连接好。打开水温开关,用手挤压饮料瓶,待除垢液进入热水器,并从进水管流出时,关闭水温开关。
(3)点燃热水器常明小火,对除垢液加温,待10~15min后,关闭常明小火,打开水温开关,将饮料瓶中剩下的除垢液全部流入热水器并从进水口排出(可重复几次)。
(4)卸下饮料瓶,接好进水管,打开冷水阀门,用清水将热水器管道内残余的水垢及除垢液冲洗干净即可。
15、水动式热水器有水流出,但不点火
水动式热水器是在打开进水阀门或热水阀门时,热水器便会自动点火,数秒钟后便有热水产生。当有水流而不点火时,其故障原因是多种多样的,可以按以下步骤进行检查并排除故障。
(1)打开水源开关,查看指示灯是否有亮,如果红色亮,表明电池已达到无电状态,需更换电池;如果绿色亮,但无“嗒,嗒,嗒”响声及点火火花,表明点火器高压包烧毁或高压线脱落,应重新连接高压线或更换点火器;如果指示灯不亮又无点火火花出现、应检查有没有安装电池或电池是否装反,如果电池安装正常,则需检查电源连线是否可靠,发现情况应及时排除。
(2)当所有电导线未发现异常时,先检查微动开关〈有的热水器用水动磁控开关),用手按动微动开关或直接用导线(或旋具)进行短路连接,此时如果有点火动作,则证明是微动开关故障或开关拨片位置不对,应予以更换或调整。如果按动或短路微动开关,均无点火动作,则是点火器的故障,需更换点火器。
(3)当打开水源开关后有点火火花而没有着火时,应先检查点火针位置是否对准燃烧器,然后再检查电磁阀的连线连接是否良好,同时可根据该热水器的用电池情况,对电磁阀接入3V(或1.5V)的直流电压,查看燃烧器是否着火,如有着火,则表明点火器输出电流不足,需更换;如未有着火,则表明电磁阀有故障,也需更换。
(4)如果上述几种方法都无法查出原因时,就要检查其他的安全保护装置,例如,过热保护装置是否熔断或开路;防止不完全燃烧装置的热电偶是否反接或开路;水气联动装置是否活动自如(反复开、关水源、微动开关拨片应左右移动,如果不动作则是水阀膜片穿孔或联动杆卡死等)。
(5)在各项检查前应先检查气源是否开启,连接气源的气管是否折叠或太长,如果气管太长,应先多点火几次,让气管内的空气排空后,方可点火成功。
16、开水不着火或低温时熄火
(1)水压偏低因水压低,而无法打开水气联动阀,燃气就无法出来被点燃。
(2)水阀的橡胶薄膜破损、变形或偏心更换橡胶薄膜。
(3)进水管滤网堵塞、淋浴喷头堵塞以及水阀内的文氏管松动︰平时必须经常清理。使热水器保持较佳使用状态。
17、开水熄火或未开水着火
(1)冷热水阀门漏水或关闭不严,使热水器内有一定水压,打开水气联动阀而造成此故障更换或关严冷、热水阀门。
(2)水气联动阀内顶杆被卡死,或长期停用顶杆被粘着,胶圈变形造成顶杆运动缓慢而不熄火拆下顶杆清洗,并加润滑油。
(3)水气联动阀的气阀门弹簧器日久弹力不足更换弹簧。
(4)水阀进水管因无滤网,造成杂质卡死水阀顶轴而不炮火﹑先清洗干净水阀内部,再在进水管补加滤网,以保证水质干净。
二、故障代码与解决方案
现在很多产品都自带有自检功能,会根据提示告诉你产品出现了什么问题,让用户能快速找到问题,并且解决问题,相当的智能化人性化。
保养
一、使用时应经常检查常明火是否正常工作,有无阻塞;如火焰微弱,应立即关闭燃气气源开关,待清除垢物后,再行点燃。
二、热水器使用一段时间(一般为半年左右)后,应对水管、燃气管、容积式热水器的水箱等进行除垢,以防过滤网(见下图)被堵。水箱有沉积物,会影响热水器的正常使用。
三、每隔数月,应清除热水器排气口、进气排气筒、热交换器及周围积炭和灰垢。如果发现大量积炭或有许多阻塞物时,可将热水器卸下,倒过来轻轻清除,也可用自来水冲洗,冲洗时严禁将水溅到燃烧器喷嘴和常明火上,待干燥后再安装使用。
四、一般情况下,热水器使用一年后,应对其做一次全面检查,查清供气和供水系统的各个装置是否完好、正常,有无漏气、漏水等异常现象。
五、如使用的水质较硬,应在热水器的前端装配一水质软化装置,并及时清除热交换盘管(即蛇形管)或水箱的水垢。
六、经常擦试外壳。
太阳能热水器
结构原理
太阳能热水器一般由集热器、贮热装置、循环管路、辅助装置及淋浴喷头等部分组成。
一、集热器
集热器是太阳能热水器的关键部件,其性能好坏,对热水器的性能起着决定性的作用。按收集太阳能的不同原理,可分为平板型集热器和聚光型集热器两种。聚光型集热器只能聚集太阳的直射辐射能,需要对太阳进行跟踪,增加了装置成本,只有在需要附到较高温度等特殊场合使用;平板型集热器是目前应用较广泛的一种,它不仅能吸收太阳的直射辐射,还可以收集太刚的散射辐射。
二、贮热装置
贮热装置通常作为短期贮存热水、减少热损失的容器,贮热效果主要取决于装置保温性能的好坏。
三、循环管路
循环管路的作用是连通集热器、贮热水箱,形成一个完整的循环加热系统。
四、辅助装置
辅助装置的作用是使整个热水器装置能正常工作,并通过仪表加以显示。辅助装置包括水位显示装置、温度显示装置、循环泵、控制系统及辅助热源等。
故障检修
一、太阳能热水器的常见故障及排除方法见下表。
二、故障代码与解决方案
保养
必须经常保持集热器上盖的清洁;要防止空晒;使用一定时间后,应进行清洁处理,排除沉积的污垢;冬季停用时,必须将集热器及管道中的水排净,以防冻裂。
以上就是对热水器如何维修问题的介绍,希望能对您有所帮助!
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"热水器已成为生活中重要的一部分,给人们的生活带来极大的方便。但由于元器件自然老化、操作者的熟练程度、工作环境和工作强度等诸多因素常引发各类故障。接下来就为大家介绍如何维修热水器的问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TOoMdgI2YoYWSexY7dVcZ2pMnDd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电热水器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UWYwdY2W6ouAUKxOM9McpuPzneg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工作原理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KygedMsoWoOKu6x4dTRcL1OenQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电热水器具有结构简单、价格低、热效率高、无污染、使用方便等优点,使用寿命一般为15年左右,主要有贮水式和速热式两种。由于速热式电热水器功率高达3kW以上,且易漏电,很少有人问津;贮水式一般功率在1~2kW之间,安全方便,受到消费者喜爱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ee2WdOOIcoMkMwxC0wkctSSEnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、贮水式电热水器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GoEkdemA8ocwCSxl8dwcMZCjnbW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"贮水式电热水器一般由箱体系统、制热系统、控制系统和进出水系统四大部分组成。下面为部分国产名牌电热水器的结构示意图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GkCcdGS2goU480xczSccDttDnTf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":485,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工作原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ed7f139bafc4003b23a89038aa95292","width":692},"text":"","id":"GMuEdek0Io6GIAxyk5fcJcirnBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"、箱体系统","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EmSodaAs8oQwsCxm4VtcHuyGnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"箱体系统由外壳、内胆、保温层等构成,起到贮水保温的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XKUAdWCA4oEOesx0cKccGcX2nDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)外壳","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PgCUdIyWwoy2MsxgjB3cgHIxn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"外壳是电热水器的基本骨架,大部分部件都安装或固定在上面,所用材料有塑料、彩板、冷轧板、喷粉等几种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZQScdAQSmoCkwkxYTK5cEPeSnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)内胆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LSwIdU4eIowMc6xGwblc81Klnyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"内胆既是盛水的容器,又是对外加热的场所,其寿命决定于内胆的材料和制造工艺。常见内胆材料有镀锌铁板、不锈钢板和钢板内涂搪瓷三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqwgdA6oQoAe48xALuqcsNBan4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)阳级棒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IS8ydEOwMomQq8x477ecrmyHn2X"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"贮水式电热水器中的阳极棒是一根金属镁棒,主要用来保护金属水箱不被腐蚀和阻止水垢的形成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A8g4ds2g6oaoG2xkxhgcFS0znXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)保温层","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VcAadA6GWoSsi8xeq3oclbUNnod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"外壳与内胆之间的保温层,起减少热损失的作用,一般采用聚氨酯发泡、玻璃棉、石棉、纤维、毡和软木等。为增强保温效果,现多采用高密度聚氨酯发泡材料充填的新工艺,充填扎实,密封保温性好,即使12h不通电,水温也仅下降2℃左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4A2dOigWogGksxgDD2cEGsUnth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)炉膛","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CAcCdSEWqo4YOkxgrLDcRJQQn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"炉膛用于安装加热体和限温器,是由炉膛底盘、炉膛管、炉膛帽、温控管、螺孔柱焊接而成。螺孔柱经钻孔攻螺纹,用于安装镁棒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HIOGdU04SocMegxOSCkc7YIlnde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、制热系统","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MUCAdGGQWo4aSixIXogcaeuOnBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电热水器采用的电热元件多采用管状结构,为提高热效率,直接放在水中加热,形状可根据内胆结构弯成U形或其他形状,金属护套管常见为不锈钢管或铜管。电加热管在通电后,其内部高电阻电热合金丝发热,通过金属管内的绝缘填充料导热至金属套管,起加热作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wsu0dye0SoYyS2xEFYEcucQpnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电加热管使用时间一长,在电加热管表面容易结污垢,不仅影响发热效果,而且会产生漏电现象。为此海尔、小鸭、东宝等厂家,将热水器部分产品的电热元件改为高压耐热的陶瓷发热器,如图所示。间接加热内胆中的水(通电后,首先预热周围的空气,然后通过钢板对水加热),使水电分离,不仅无漏电之忧,且可超快速加热。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mi4WdcQ0aogw8qxS4dOcysZnnyc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":834,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工作原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b3cc4067eb243bea2fe1a07e4f33158","width":1495},"text":"","id":"IG20dsouAoA6ucxi40TcCh31nvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、控制系统","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HyEEdsimwoQyKIxqgtMcRDCrnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电热水器的控制系统主要包括温控器和漏电保护器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S8s4dwgoEo0uOOxAfqYcRpRKnVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)温控器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZeG0dUggeocA4XxaLXMcRebMncH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电热水器中使用的温控器主要有双金属片温控器、蒸气压力式温控器和电子温控器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IcGUduo6Wo8IYaxGGumcl4mtnVd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工作原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d45ae36f068d41a9801db870951e9a5f","width":801},"text":"","id":"NIMIdqMS0o004uxMBSEc6U2jnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)漏电保护器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KGqGdSwy6oAaqAxJD5GcQ6ZUnEW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在电热水器的漏电保护器中、将15mA确定为危险电流,超过这一数值时漏电保护器动作,正常的动作范围为15~30mA。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OUG6di2y8ouWGqxiorTcob2Jnlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"海尔电热水器选用的是进口漏电保护器,动作值为15mA,动作时间为0.1s。小鸭等品牌电热水器电源线带有先进的电子控制漏电保护插头,其技术参数为:额定电压220V(5OHz),额定电流10A,漏电动作范围5~10mA,漏电动作时间≤50ms,最大分断能力300A,最大负载功率2200W。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZU2idaWugo0GYOxgnN2cUfXIn4e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1024,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工作原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e1fde3f53c6e4c828c774f1ace78784a","width":768},"text":"","id":"TYMWdUC4OocYu8xOCKCccvJWnnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、进、出水系统","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ky6ediEagoKsqQxGIZScNYd6nJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进、出水系统由进、出水管,混合阀、安全阀和淋浴喷头等组成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N6YmdMAUCoigsSxaYtzctAlPnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)混合阀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LEcWdcseaoIIekxLMrpc6eL4njr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"混合阀的结构如图所示。由图可知,热水器内胆出水管、混合阀、喷头和大气相通,不受混合阀冷、热阀门控制胆内压力,故称为出口敞开式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XoQUdumU4o0Cwixu2NAcJhcEnNH"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":744,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工作原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f948916cdd73493fbd760ee2c8fbdf5e","width":887},"text":"","id":"GcYodwiKio28qIxI3rZcrg7OnEe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单独打开右侧红点热水旋阀,自来水经出水管、混合阀、喷头流出,出热水,出水压力由热水阀控制;单独打开左侧蓝点冷水旋阀,自来水直接经混合阀由喷头流出冷水,出水压力由冷水阀控制。当同时打开冷热水阀门时,冷水和热水在混合阀出水口混合,适当调节冷热水阀门大小,可得到所需水温。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMIEdCiO0oCiMuxsjuGcOCZ4nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)安全阀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eum6dA6iQoGYOcxOUPKc3d3Tnfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在自来水压力突然增高或加热水温过热,造成内胆压力超过规定耐压值时,安全阀会自动排压,以保护内胆。在加热过程中,安全阀会有缓慢的滴水现象,不是故障,是一种正常现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YGCEdWowUoieUkxKyNwcIBctnUg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":425,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工作原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b41181aa1d5a4c8d875265320248ecf3","width":745},"text":"","id":"RYIMdu4Cqoc4EGxwXfncl2GZnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、工作原理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GmyedIIOqoeae6xUNwZcy3jHn2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"贮水式电热水器的加热分单加热器加热和双加热器加热两种。前者,--般用在容积不太大的热水器中;后者、往往用于容积较大的热水器中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWqSdAaAioQkWMxEVekc7UZtncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、速热式电热水器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DSKod68S0o20WSxqC48c6n8enme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"快速热水器一般在接通电源、开启水阀后,仅需十几秒就会有充足的热水源源流出,因此也称流动式或即热式电热水器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VU0Kdg0uMoC8ogx6azGccJl1nIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、基本结构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DecCdoQWWok8a2xi2Wccp2g6npb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"快速热水器主要由外壳、内腔、电热元件、压力开关和温度控制等部分组成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DICsdMQ2uoKQmUx2RktcUhz5nEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、工作原理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NSy4duKQKouamqxsB9XcQ3NAn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)腔体式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CWawdoSououGGAxSM2vcAyuznwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开进水阀门,水流入腔体。当水充满腔体后,在水压和重力作用下,使橡皮膜下凹,从而带动通过膜片中心的通水管子上端,使触点闭合接通电源,这样电阻丝通电发热,被加热的水沿通水管上开有的小孔流入管内,再经过莲蓬头喷射出来,供人们使用。当停止进水时,靠橡皮膜弹力恢复使触头断开,从而切断电源。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SEwWdwcICoEuA0xO02FcSwJ0nZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)水槽式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKYIdQOSOow86cxE6smc1JNZnPM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在未接通水源时,压力开关处于常态(触点断开),微动开关s不动作,从而继电器线圈不通电,这时整机不工作。接通水源后,因水压升高,这时压力开关触点动作,继电器KA吸合,主电路触点闭合,指示灯HL点亮,这时只要将转换开关(功率调节器)根据需要调节在适当位置,电热元件即可工作,就会有热水从莲蓬头中源源不断流出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ow6CdMSQAoOCqCxM6DjcLzpenWc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":594,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工作原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c5ef3ba42b5c4b979caf872e28067009","width":1499},"text":"","id":"Nu4qdWYGkosu2wxeIb9clBTGnFb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常见故障分析","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqkSdA84CosOaWx8gStc7Vy5nDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、电热水器检修工艺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O0yod2SIYoCMSexOItkcwiQIn5g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下面以海尔电热水器为例,对电热水器的检修工艺过程介绍如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T08IdKAKUo0ycsxg7aVcNhtqn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、电源检查","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KYw2dIQOcoQO6WxCYELc3LXjncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用万用表交流电压档(~500V档)测量插座零线和火线,零线和地线是否接通,若不通为正常;反之,则电源不能使用,应修复。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FoS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","id":"C42edkkIMoCGU2xsZCKcyowcnQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)绝缘电阻用兆欧表测量应大于50MΩ。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TqKydyGSyoAU06xo3gFcIHZVnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)电源的接地端与电热水器易触及金属部件之间的接地电阻应小于0.1Ω。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIeWdmCcIoeaIexOycccnczpncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全性能测试合格后,才能按工艺要求将电热水器重新安装好,投入使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQWGdGC8IoecOMxKEzNcQiLZnLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、电热水器常见故障分析","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqwGd8oYio8QMUx0EOwcTS1unMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、出水不热","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Hiw0d8O2aoyyOQxcn0ScY4iwnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)冷热水调节不当:这是由于热水阀开得太小,冷水阀开得太大造成的。应适当调节冷热水阀的开度,使出水温度适合使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NKgWdIieuo4EkIx2PHZc87npnDd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":682,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"常见故障分析","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/255d3584b2d943dd9dac61833a768876","width":877},"text":"","id":"LgIsd08suoSgcqx6nqrczDq4nDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)电源未接通:调整电源插头或开关,使其接触良好。若采用的是漏电保护插头,应将其“复位按钮”按下,排除以上故障若仍不能接通电源,应拆开电热水器仔细检查回路是否有导线脱落、断开等情况,若有,应及时排除。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqUUdkwm4o8sUwx8Vg6c8eOjnkd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":430,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"常见故障分析","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7525bc62aad642a98962870140d6b9c4","width":602},"text":"","id":"LiOydYyacoMOaExcx55cYrvunVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)电加热器损坏:用万用表电阻档测量电热元件电阻值,正常情况下,1kW电热水器,电阻为49Ω左右;3kW,16Ω左右。功率不同的电热水器,其电热元件的阻值不同。若电阻为无穷大,说明电热元件损坏,应予更换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QOSidOkc0okWmmxGsh3ca1E2nEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)温控器损坏:当温控器触头接触不良或感温体内感温剂泄漏时,可引起温控器不能正常工作。对于前者可拆开压力式温控器进行修复;对于后者只好更换新的压力式温控器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIYidcmquoags8xkRVycrNrNnxb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、出水温度太高","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuAqdK84io4a8cx4SmYcOJCfnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)冷热水调节不当:适当调节冷热水阀的开度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N26mdYGgwoYYMixg7uMcRjocnRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)温控器旋钮调节不当或触点粘连:将温控器旋钮调至温度较低处;对触点粘连的,可将温控器拆开,将粘连触点分开,并对触点进行研修、调整,经调整后,一般即可使用,必要时可进行更换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CSEkdASQSoqCEoxM7UVc9FRHnch"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":597,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"常见故障分析","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cbf6dc3eb93f4a5d87512021c3e7b634","width":917},"text":"","id":"Kuq8d8goOoQocEx0UwocD7XmnCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)限温器失灵:检修限温器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MCoidKiAuoIcMyx0ETIcXvqCnQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、漏水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NCsCduU4Qo2aeixkBlDc1TuUnnf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)管道连接处漏水:对接口密封不好造成的漏水,应重新安装接口;若属自来水压太高,应在自来水道上设置减压阀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KcA6dUOUkouQ40xiEPPcjXvsnaf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":583,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"常见故障分析","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/33c965c6e47942b3a19736b9b5204fe1","width":872},"text":"","id":"Lgm8d2mSSo4OySxmOzYcSSIZnng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)安全阀接口漏水:是由于安全阀松扣或密封不好造成的,应重新拧紧和密封。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IoA4dEMyaoecUgx8onkcaBTpnUb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":669,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"常见故障分析","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/35fca532fa97417faddbabccd68607f9","width":880},"text":"","id":"MgU2dMSyYo8kkoxGYhGcDCzZn9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、出水带电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WQ8UdSiSGoKYmaxQfyOc6P8Anvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)出水口接地失效:重新接好接地线,保证接地电阻小于0.1Ω。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKgudacMKo4KuCx4XePcNCLGnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)水中分布电流大:用细钢丝编织成网,包在出水口上,并与接地线良好接触。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BSwkdc4mcomsYqxgpWAcPDiBn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)电热元件绝缘损坏或失效:更换电热元件,更换时要保持电气接触良好,有关密封部分不漏水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0GudayU4o6OsWxfU6zcz9VDnHY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)内部导线绝缘层损坏,搭接在外壳或内胆上:拆开电热水器,检查出导线绝缘层损坏的部分,进行更换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGYgdkOiMoI48ExzhN5cdE2NnLC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、进水困难","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GM6sdmQMKoUeoExMbRgcTMeJn8b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)脏堵:主要是由于自来水水质不好,杂质超量,堵住进水口的逆止阀。设有进水滤网的热水器大都是滤网孔被堵。在确定水压正常后,关闭自来水供水总阀,清理管路,冲出胜物或清洗滤网。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VKO6d0828okQwKxQnSMckxnvnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)汽堵:常见于密闭水箱贮水式电热水器中。其特征是:热水阀打开后,喷出大量水蒸气,此时应将调温器调到最小位置或切断电源,先将蒸汽从热水阀排出,然后打开冷水进水阀,使热水器排水,降低水温,再检修温控器;若热水阀打开后,热汽断续流出,量很小,一般是脏堵造成的。此时应开大热水阀和冷水进水阀,以降低水温,待水温降低后,检查热水阀是否脏堵,洗净后冷水便会从热水阀流出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Om8cdKyEioGG4sx44UlcqAPin2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)供水压力不正常:当供水管路因水压下降,供水压力低于贮水压力,逆止阀不能被顶开,会造成进水困难。这种故障,待水压正常后,故障即自行消失。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZuwGdq6CgoIaEIxUVQxc1rKjndc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UuAGdAwwOogeW4xWMVmcKBqMnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用一段时间后,应取下喷头,按安装方法进行冲洗。长期使用后,若升温慢,应检查电热元件是否结垢,若结垢,可用去垢剂清除水垢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TIA2d8eaQokGsaxO2LIc2TaknLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若漏水,应更换相应的橡胶密封圈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nkigd2Eu4oi6glxym54cw4jJnI3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若加热时蒸汽冒出,则表明恒温器失效。或感温头脱出,应关闭电路,经检查修复后再用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UWgQdAcagoQ8EQx4eKDceRo9ncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"加热时因水的膨胀,喷头有时会有少量热水溢出,这属正常现象,不必过分用力拧紧热水阀,以免加速损坏密封圈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ss6idy4AeoMgOIx6mVccESPinPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自来水阀可使用不带手轮的阀门或者安装好后取下手轮,以防误关此阀,导致水箱缺水而烧毁电热丝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PWkydUIOIosqkaxcJT6coKeancb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"燃气热水器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EmkGd4cqCok2cGxUrnUcojNXnHd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CGMkdSwwmoIEGAxgfjucH3JmnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前,家用快速燃气热水器常见为壁挂式,适合淋浴使用,主要由水路系统、燃气系统、热交换系统、排烟系统和安全装置五大部分组成。其结构示意图如下所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V48udWcmQoakmMx4mVTcota2nAb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":897,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"结构","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2c3235234e654902a40487f338c99b13","width":1262},"text":"","id":"FuEKdyoIso8A8gxai9ccnk69nfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)水路系统主要包括进水阀、水膜阀等,其中水膜阀是关键部件,起控制水气联动装置的作用,当水源切断后立即切断燃气;水阀是控制冷水进入热水器流量大小的装置,水阀燃烧器在同样工作状态下,流量大的,输出热水温较低,反之则水温升高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZAm2dayWYoCUEcxMJCYcengxnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)燃气系统主要包括燃气调节阀、水气联动阀、常明火、主燃烧器。其中主燃烧器是热水器供热的主要部件;水气联动阀是由水流的压力差控制气阀的开启以防止空烧。燃气调节阀可调节进入主燃烧器气量,以达到调节水温的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQkGdYKICoeAC4xWGhIcqrfXnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)热交换系统主要包括腔体、集热片和弯管。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKW2dKGiioSk4Wx63PfchJSUnze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)排烟系统包括热水器外壳、排气烟管和排烟口等。燃烧后的烟气,须经过排烟系统排出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AYK2dQ0k8os2qsxfWf4cL7JanCE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)安全装置主要包括由热电偶和电磁阀组成的熄火保护、缺氧保护、水气联动阀防止空烧、排水阀防止过水压和冻裂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LIO6dcQuQo26iSxi295cllDhnZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下面重点介绍燃气热水器主要部件结构原理","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EskWd8mkwogOQ4xamOBcLlK2nfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、点火装置","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FuyudEG4IowISAxER0Dcc5P4nTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点火装置的作用是点燃小火(常明火)并保持其燃烧。当按下点火按钮时,小火管有燃气流出,此时点火器工作,点燃旁边的小火。燃气热水器的点火方式主要有压电陶瓷点火和电脉冲点火两种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LI8EdwICGo4GQCxmssIcx8VgnUb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":660,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"结构","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/31c6e50fd12c433eaa7a8a2f0f4ef21e","width":750},"text":"","id":"Ays6dC2OUogYgQxacJrcBM7nn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、水气联动阀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NemcdiAkkos68wxRwRuc2P7anOi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水气联动阀是保证燃气热水器安全使用的重要部件,其主要作用是:当水压足够,水在热交换器中流动时,燃气才能进入主燃烧器进行燃烧;而当水流停止或压力不足时,自动切断燃气供给,以防因缺水面燃坏热水器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZucqdiI44os06GxkzQuclgJhnlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"结构","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/516af55f2e064ad78b8c0992e136f804","width":800},"text":"","id":"AiKodKiUSok20ixkfGicQNhPnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、燃烧器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeSMdiUcSokiQyxqyOoc0AgOnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、常明火为点燃主燃烧器作准备,常明火有单独的燃气通路。同时常明火加热熄火保护装置中的热电偶,使电磁阀开闭燃气阀门。当由热电偶或双金属片构成的熄火保护装置一旦检测到常明小火熄灭,熄火保护装置将自动切断气源。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R4awdaOQ8o2IoixSIAGchMqCnTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"常明火点火管一般用铜管或不锈钢制成,为保证燃烧的稳定,大多采用大气式燃烧方式,即燃烧前预混一部分空气,由于这种燃烧方式火焰短而稳定,用它加热热电偶或热双金属片时,热量集中,不易产生误动作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UQwydCSUcoiQY6xkj83cR1hdn3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、主燃烧器是燃气热水器提供热源的主要部件,热负荷较大,火力强而且集中,火焰高度实短不宜长,一般采用大气式燃烧器来满足要求,而且大多不设一次调节装置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VG4edEi6IoUGCUx2Z6vcuBr8n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加热成热水,经混合水管的冷水混合,就可从供热水龙头流出适合使用的热水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MEewdgsWSoIgKMxIplmcQs6cncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当关闭出水口时,水气连动阀内的压差消失,从而关闭了水气连动阀的气阀,主燃烧器的火焰熄灭,热水停止流出,按下熄火键,点火键复位,关闭主气阀,常明火熄灭。此时熄火安全装置的热电偶的热电势下降,电磁阀关闭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A0O0dIm0ioKm0SxwzdtcIdcJnFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下图为沈乐满牌SR-5型后制式燃气热水器电气原理图,供参考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gwgkd6s0UoKga6xuxulcO1r8nrb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工作原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2ca7e1e9708d4ed2bd13d22d98a85f5c","width":747},"text":"","id":"IcUudSAUuoeo4KxAZH7cl8sbnkf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUwKdcGMqoAAawx0AeRcn9m8n3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、常见故障分析","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IwMAd6im6oWEgixwR7Xc0bZTnZm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、打不着火或打火困难","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xkkwd2iQCooeiIxM3Glcjw7cnof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)刚打开气源时,由于气管内空气尚未排空,短时间内难以打火,只要多打几次,让气管内的空气排空后,便能成功点火。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RAYqdgComo6gaGxcXQXcxBYxnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)喷嘴堵塞:在打火时有火星,而无法点燃火种,表明喷嘴有堵塞,此时只要将喷嘴进行清理即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NYQUdm6GSoGKssxiADBcqAuHnPf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":800,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b0bdf9d30bb4345978e7e4db0bfe4f3","width":800},"text":"","id":"FGSodKWMuoSkwCxozhzcg2fJnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)点火针破裂或松动:多数热水器点火针绝缘体是用陶瓷制作的,若陶瓷破裂或点火针松动,就会造成没有对着火种进行点火,打不着火。此时应更换点火针或对点火针进行调整位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DEmYdgAiQoi6wSxCG30cyGlInDc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":682,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a4a5502894164d50adea808c8c9b7205","width":957},"text":"","id":"ZCiod26Mwou4cexUvPTc0aG7nKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)压电陶瓷失效手动式热水器一般是采用压电陶瓷点火,若点火时无点火火花,通常是压电陶瓷损坏造成的,应及时进行更换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IOECdwCkKouIuUxiS2PcZyMOnQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)水动式热水器电磁阀损坏,点火时,有火星而点不着火,此时先检查电磁阀接线是否良好,若未发现接线不良,应更换电磁阀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VGS6dwUusoSCQsxUz7Tc9RyanTh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":682,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bb059af299b04523b214eb7d6f88418b","width":976},"text":"","id":"KiU8dyQ2GoEIIqxk39sc31iHnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)水动式热水器点火时无火星此时按顺序检查电池是否有电或装反,电池盒是否有接触不良,微动开关是否损坏,电脉冲发生器和接线是否有故障。排除故障后即可点火。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIAIdMQ4coEaQexkNRVcT03Tnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、中途","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"燎火","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA6sdkECcoS4w4xYTrmcO5m1nRM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)热电偶与电磁阀接触不良或失效:若在热水器使用过程中,偶然中途熄火,说明热电偶与电磁阀接触不良,此时应紧固两者的联接螺母;当热水器打火后,中途熄火的时间都较接近时,表明热电偶已开始失效,应尽早更换。当热水器每次中途熄火的时间不规则时,表明火种与热电偶的位置不太准确,应调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2e6dmQYKoS2O2x2bDwc2pzbn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)燃气气压不稳定:适当调整气源压力或清洗火种喷嘴。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8CadAy6koIIoWxCytEchxxMnMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3〉保护装置动作:当直排式热水器使用时间过长,且室内换气较差时,或热交换器(水箱)长期没有清洗而造成严重积炭,保护装置便会自动关闭气源,导致熄火。对于前者,需打开门窗,使室内空气流通,对于后者需定期(每年1~2次)清洗热交换器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PceMdqCgao8oQYxsrEqchR4SnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)水动式热水器离子感应针被污染:若每次使用时,都要打2~3次火,应对感应针进行清洗,若经清洗,还有同样的问题出现,说明感应针的材质或电子点火器质量不良,应及时更换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IsiQdUOI0oMc4kxQLmAcCDwJnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、漏气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J82MdSsCYoQSwAxEvJUcIESInWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"漏气主要是由于密封用的密封圈破损老化或配合不严造成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DomedSGCAogyOax8ertcguRAn0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)进水接头安装不良而漏气:重新安装平面胶圈,上紧并紧固气接头。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Be0CdOgCyokcMUxeYKFcAT3Xnsc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":587,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5cf67069ab4f4d0990f6a1095536e45f","width":1001},"text":"","id":"T88CdoiGCo8AmcxcN3QcIiG4nJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)气阀体上联接面漏气:更换密封胶圈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SYc8ds8coomWo8xQ5QwcNiKfnWe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)气阀芯上的润滑脂干而漏气:清洗气阀芯,重新均匀涂上润滑脂(二硫化钼),以确保气阀芯不再漏气。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PEgOdSGi4o2E4qxo3s4cg0t3nwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、漏水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ggcydkiuko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"width":842},"text":"","id":"Fi6sdICKGoeCWixiAP3cIfJwnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)点燃热水器常明小火,对除垢液加温,待10~15min后,关闭常明小火,打开水温开关,将饮料瓶中剩下的除垢液全部流入热水器并从进水口排出(可重复几次)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SocOdwqKYoSMiMx8TvTcwc0JnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)卸下饮料瓶,接好进水管,打开冷水阀门,用清水将热水器管道内残余的水垢及除垢液冲洗干净即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QoIMdYk2ioYkckxI9cUcqd4dnsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"15、水动式热水器有水流出,但不点火","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KYwed4IMuoSuW8xMzHvczQI4nZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水动式热水器是在打开进水阀门或热水阀门时,热水器便会自动点火,数秒钟后便有热水产生。当有水流而不点火时,其故障原因是多种多样的,可以按以下步骤进行检查并排除故障。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FEGgds0YcoKK2AxYDbYcygLzncc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)打开水源开关,查看指示灯是否有亮,如果红色亮,表明电池已达到无电状态,需更换电池;如果绿色亮,但无“嗒,嗒,嗒”响声及点火火花,表明点火器高压包烧毁或高压线脱落,应重新连接高压线或更换点火器;如果指示灯不亮又无点火火花出现、应检查有没有安装电池或电池是否装反,如果电池安装正常,则需检查电源连线是否可靠,发现情况应及时排除。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lci2dEE6QoYkkYxgbfkcx6S8nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)当所有电导线未发现异常时,先检查微动开关〈有的热水器用水动磁控开关),用手按动微动开关或直接用导线(或旋具)进行短路连接,此时如果有点火动作,则证明是微动开关故障或开关拨片位置不对,应予以更换或调整。如果按动或短路微动开关,均无点火动作,则是点火器的故障,需更换点火器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KkkydUcEsockOmx6qzFcK2YCnib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)当打开水源开关后有点火火花而没有着火时,应先检查点火针位置是否对准燃烧器,然后再检查电磁阀的连线连接是否良好,同时可根据该热水器的用电池情况,对电磁阀接入3V(或1.5V)的直流电压,查看燃烧器是否着火,如有着火,则表明点火器输出电流不足,需更换;如未有着火,则表明电磁阀有故障,也需更换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DyKqdIsWOo6W4gxwTh1cR2gxnRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)如果上述几种方法都无法查出原因时,就要检查其他的安全保护装置,例如,过热保护装置是否熔断或开路;防止不完全燃烧装置的热电偶是否反接或开路;水气联动装置是否活动自如(反复开、关水源、微动开关拨片应左右移动,如果不动作则是水阀膜片穿孔或联动杆卡死等)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq00deQU6oM2msxMpAccnSNynKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)在各项检查前应先检查气源是否开启,连接气源的气管是否折叠或太长,如果气管太长,应先多点火几次,让气管内的空气排空后,方可点火成功。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pwmmd2cS8oS86WxSE4icjArLnCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"16、开水不着火或低温时熄火","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuymdkuGso22GKxiCyoczW8CnNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)水压偏低因水压低,而无法打开水气联动阀,燃气就无法出来被点燃。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HK6MdKA6EoYuAYxYHsHcZvbwnpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)水阀的橡胶薄膜破损、变形或偏心更换橡胶薄膜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R0i2d2SggoKQuoxIDE8cC9mWnsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)进水管滤网堵塞、淋浴喷头堵塞以及水阀内的文氏管松动︰平时必须经常清理。使热水器保持较佳使用状态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4yEdsWiOoYWSWx0u7kcVaEXnhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"17、开水熄火或未开水着火","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZwUsd68qWo4uSQx2J4lcWusznLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)冷热水阀门漏水或关闭不严,使热水器内有一定水压,打开水气联动阀而造成此故障更换或关严冷、热水阀门。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uugadk64UoYcyqxe4Vscr8f5nkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)水气联动阀内顶杆被卡死,或长期停用顶杆被粘着,胶圈变形造成顶杆运动缓慢而不熄火拆下顶杆清洗,并加润滑油。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwEYdY4IuoKY0exms6scEj7Onid"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":585,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/67d4303afc8f4cbdbac1a27d12465b66","width":774},"text":"","id":"YAQedQOUcomSAyxugZHcaQaDnJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)水气联动阀的气阀门弹簧器日久弹力不足更换弹簧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X4YKdWo4cocO2qxkRn2c3nCLngC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)水阀进水管因无滤网,造成杂质卡死水阀顶轴而不炮火﹑先清洗干净水阀内部,再在进水管补加滤网,以保证水质干净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LgImdA6UkouQ4AxCsYYcUbTMnVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、故障代码与解决方案","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6ISdc8sUoYKsExe2QAc2tK2noh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在很多产品都自带有自检功能,会根据提示告诉你产品出现了什么问题,让用户能快速找到问题,并且解决问题,相当的智能化人性化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KwaEdO0iEouYI6xEByNc5lvjngg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":8304,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2a869e8cc069406ea3f5408b5f370b2a","width":616},"text":"","id":"XGAYdoqIaosoGWxsjUscVsaCn9e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BqqUd6y6coM8OAxQv08cmAINned"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、使用时应经常检查常明火是否正常工作,有无阻塞;如火焰微弱,应立即关闭燃气气源开关,待清除垢物后,再行点燃。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Le6Md0ymAoA6aOxszUUcXzVRn3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、热水器使用一段时间(一般为半年左右)后,应对水管、燃气管、容积式热水器的水箱等进行除垢,以防过滤网(见下图)被堵。水箱有沉积物,会影响热水器的正常使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W6aad4u04o82Gyx2FDkcL3lTnOZ"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":753,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"保养","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27083823e9974b858eeaaf57205f769f","width":750},"text":"","id":"EqWcdqcaCoc00exAt9BcNQbEnNg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":697,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"保养","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0a4c488af03148dbbef0aa77f5e12b43","width":861},"text":"","id":"OswidMM6sokaUExoz5oc2ofrnld"}],"text":"","id":"F406d6kySoiey4x62aAcU2zynCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、每隔数月,应清除热水器排气口、进气排气筒、热交换器及周围积炭和灰垢。如果发现大量积炭或有许多阻塞物时,可将热水器卸下,倒过来轻轻清除,也可用自来水冲洗,冲洗时严禁将水溅到燃烧器喷嘴和常明火上,待干燥后再安装使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F406d6kySoiey4x62aAcU2zynCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、一般情况下,热水器使用一年后,应对其做一次全面检查,查清供气和供水系统的各个装置是否完好、正常,有无漏气、漏水等异常现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OmeCd8uScoQ28ixGu7Mcj6Y4nHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、如使用的水质较硬,应在热水器的前端装配一水质软化装置,并及时清除热交换盘管(即蛇形管)或水箱的水垢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CuSGd6oGeoG6SoxSYucccWXUnke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六、经常擦试外壳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HieqdSA6Wo860ixeaf0cviZqnqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"太阳能热水器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WwScdUiE2oIC6Sxqa4xciFgbn8c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构原理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LqSidYs6WoomAOxKAMvcfN1FnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"太阳能热水器一般由集热器、贮热装置、循环管路、辅助装置及淋浴喷头等部分组成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q2OqdWCMQoiuIox67v2cQ7S1nsb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":452,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"结构原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f518d1b3987f48128d5edf1d5a9af5b1","width":603},"text":"","id":"D4AydYeMeoI44sx2HrmcvYqonsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、集热器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HWyMdogGaoe0SUxgn3dcINFYnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"集热器是太阳能热水器的关键部件,其性能好坏,对热水器的性能起着决定性的作用。按收集太阳能的不同原理,可分为平板型集热器和聚光型集热器两种。聚光型集热器只能聚集太阳的直射辐射能,需要对太阳进行跟踪,增加了装置成本,只有在需要附到较高温度等特殊场合使用;平板型集热器是目前应用较广泛的一种,它不仅能吸收太阳的直射辐射,还可以收集太刚的散射辐射。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Do2KdKEkuokQQyx6hLecByWvn5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、贮热装置","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UOU4dc0Sio4uSsxWuEZcauvDnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"贮热装置通常作为短期贮存热水、减少热损失的容器,贮热效果主要取决于装置保温性能的好坏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q8wcdUSOwooKUaxmmj7cu8eyn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、循环管路","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYAqdO6AqoSWqux0A2dcHm6cnvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"循环管路的作用是连通集热器、贮热水箱,形成一个完整的循环加热系统。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pg6wdK8AMo4yWsxAbKRcuRTxnTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"四、辅助装置","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwSadUGGGoWcCgxXXXMcWBTwnnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅助装置的作用是使整个热水器装置能正常工作,并通过仪表加以显示。辅助装置包括水位显示装置、温度显示装置、循环泵、控制系统及辅助热源等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqAYdGcOWoqK6GxEzFZcYnStnwd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BmcAdEMMMoQkI4xwxsGcnlx3nkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、太阳能热水器的常见故障及排除方法见下表。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FEAsdsoAqoa2KwxuGlucf6WEnZf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/22e275a6509142acbb6029ea83f1eac1","width":966},"text":"","id":"QyM4dcwYeoqIiUxikNrcRcSXnLb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":517,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eb615d2c769f443ea1c7f95292001079","width":959},"text":"","id":"OUWkdaoqsoaeCGxY7F5cSJyNnbb"}],"text":"","id":"FYIwdc6ySosIM2xO8rPcfC5DnKP"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、故障代码与解决方案","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FYIwdc6ySosIM2xO8rPcfC5DnKP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":578,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"故障检修","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b7a96a809dc4593adca37f02d17874b","width":791},"text":"","id":"Ccewd2eE6ogoISxyaEic88jqnsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TMWadoKWko4iIixSqg4csuginVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"必须经常保持集热器上盖的清洁;要防止空晒;使用一定时间后,应进行清洁处理,排除沉积的污垢;冬季停用时,必须将集热器及管道中的水排净,以防冻裂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HIyIdM6keoy62WxqKC6crhC9n5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以上就是对热水器如何维修问题的介绍,希望能对您有所帮助!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G8qodwci8oYu8ex2FQmcczjmnff"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
7. 本田CBR摩托车
本田CBR600-F5说明:
本田CBR600F5 摩托车
车长:2065mm
车宽:680mm
车高:1135mm
轴距:1400mm
坐垫高度:810mm
净重:168kg
最小离地间隙:135mm
发动机形式:直列四缸 水冷 四冲程 DOHC四气阀
车架:铝合金车架
排气量:599ml
启动方式:电启动
缸径*行程:55*42mm
压缩比:12.0:1
最大马力:51kw/10500rpm
最大扭力:52N·m/7500rpm
油箱容量:18L
供油方式:电子燃油喷注系统
离合器:湿式多板螺旋弹簧
变速系统:6挡齿轮变速
传动方式:链条传动
链条规格:525-106 15T 40T
轮胎尺寸:前:120-70ZR17
后:180-55ZR17
制动系统:前:296mm双刹车碟配日信对向四活塞卡钳
后:220mm单刹车碟配日信对向两活塞卡钳
悬挂系统:前:43mm正立前叉
后:SHOWA气压辅助式减震器
点火方式:CDI
规格表长x阔x高:2,002mm x 686mm x 1,096mm轴距:1395mm最低离地距:130mm离地座高:820mm整车乾重:155kg引擎形式:水冷四冲程16活瓣DOHC 4汽缸缸径 x 冲程:67 mm x 42.5 mmHannspree Ten Kate Replica 特别版
压缩比:12.2:1总排气量:599 cc最高马力:120ps/13,500rpm最大扭力:6.73kg-m/11,250rpm车架形式:铝合金双翼梁框式传动系统:湿式多片6前速,链条传动燃油供应:PGM DSFI电子燃油喷注前倾角:23.7°拖曳距:96.3mm
前悬挂系统:41mm 全调校HMAS倒立套筒前叉,120mm行程後悬挂系统:Unit Pro-Link全调校气压弹簧避震,130mm行程轮胎(前):120/70 ZR17M/C (58W)轮胎(後):180/55 ZR17M/C (73W)前掣动系统:双310mm钻孔碟配四活塞放射式卡钳後掣动系统:单220钻孔碟配单活塞卡钳油缸容量:18.2公升
8. cbftr摩托车
型号 CBF190TR
类型 复古车
品牌 新大洲本田
上市时间 2019/8/27
生产状态 在销
工厂指导价 16980
平均零售价 20718
实际排量(ml) 184.4
缸数(个) 单缸
冲程 四冲程
压缩比 9.5:1
缸径×行程(mm) 61×63.096
最大功率(kw/rpm) 12.4/8000
最大扭矩(N·m/rpm) 16.3/7000
冷却方式 风冷
启动方式 电启动
环保标准 国Ⅳ
变速型式 5挡 / 国际
传动方式 链传动
长×宽×高(mm) 2019×822×1083
座高(mm) 787
最小离地间隙(mm) 150
轴距(mm) 1356
整备质量(kg) 142
油箱容积(L) 10.5
最高车速(km/h) 104
轮数(个) 2
轮胎规格(前) 110/70-17M/C 54S
轮胎规格(后) 140/70-17M/C 66S
制动系统 前单盘 后盘式
避震系统 前倒置双减 后中置单减
行程特性 前 后
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